China is a nation that has an unbroken history of the oldest in the world. At first, Chinese history is a mix between the ways magico-religio with record keeping. This has caused a profound effect on China's historical tradition in the land.
1. Yellow Emperor (Huang Ti), for the first time to the appointment of court historians. Huang Ti is one of the legendary former Chinese culture.
2. Shang Dynasty (1751-1111 BC).
Modern Arkheologi membuktikkan that forecasters Shang dynasty palace, have kept "the archives" of their prophecy written on bones and tortoise shells.
3. Chuo early dynasty (1111-221 BC)
Fragmentary records, especially of certain chapters of the Shu Ching, or "History" reflects an ongoing interest in the history of the descendants of kings, ordinances and political legitimacy.
Warring States Period (Chang Kuo, 481-221 BC), for the first time China comes a thought-pemiiran systematic. The habit of always taking historical figures is an important factor in Chinese thinking. Confucius (551-479 BC) and his followers have emphasized the moral core of history.
Unitary state formed in the year 221 BC, the Chinese model of political development in later periods. Palace continued and promoted the tradition of past experience in hiring the historian who was given the task of maintaining the records of the emperor and all sorts of important events in the kingdom.
4. Early Han Dynasty (Ch'ien Han, 206 BC-9SM)
Ma grand-ch'ien Historians continue his father's job to make the history. He wrote Shih, Chi h first book of history that includes Chinese history from the time of vague until approximately the year 100 BC.
5. Later Han Dynasty (Hou Han, AD 25-220)
Pan-pu, the court historian, wrote the book of history which is the first book of the series' history of the dynasty "(master-tai sihih). This book is called History of Early Han Dynasty (Ch'ien Han Shu). Books Shih Chi and Ch'ien Han Shu became a model and emulated by other historians to write history books during later dynasties.
6. Age Divisions (220-586 BC), the dominance of the nations 'bar-bar'.
Buddhism slowly seeped into the thinking of Chinese, however, Buddhism is only a very small effect on the thinking of Chinese history. Early days of this age is the second big era of creative thinking the Chinese. Liu Hsieh 9465-522 BC), wrote a great book about literature. Part of this book also discusses various issues of historiography that is the importance of general principles, the limits to choose specific things, the size to trust the material, as well as objectivity and bias issues.
7. Tang Dynasty (618-906) golden age of art and literature.
For the first time in history become the raw material in the curriculum of the state exam. A state officials Tu Yu (735-812) tried to free itself from the traditions of dynastic records and write T'ung Tien. Shaped encyclopedia and regarded as the first Chinese institutional history. In the early days of the Tang held a major expansion of bureaucracy in charge of recording the events, process dokumuan, memeliharaarsip and write history.
In compiling the history of the dynasty, imperial commissions held a press authors have replaced the expansion of bureaucracy in charge of recording the events, process dokumuan, memeliharaarsip and write history.
In compiling the history of the dynasty, imperial commissions have replaced the individual authors. These symptoms began the division of official and unofficial historiography that continue to expire until the end of the imperial system.
8. Sung period (960-1279)
Writing the history of neo-Confucianism shows a new rigor in the writing of history, the tendency to use unofficial sources and efforts to explain rationally combined with a strong belief in the power of moral.
9. Manchu Dynasty (Ching, 1644-1911).
Feelings are not satisfied with the orthodoxy of neo-Confucianism has led to the emergence of a movement which is very important criticism. -Rational empiricism led to the emergence of new principles and methods in the geographical-historical, epigraphy, archeology and other fields. When the imperial system collapsed. The method and spirit of the new historians doubt reflected widely in the modernization of Chinese historiography.
A. Views on the History of Chinese People
The term shih (historical) in terms of China has many meanings. Chinese conception of history is determined by certain elements in the Chinese view of the World.
1. Ethnocentrism. History terutamaberhubungan with the "middle kingdom" is bagsa bars that must be excluded from the merngakibatkan Chinese culture Chinese culture isolation has only a little knowledge about the other great cultures.
2. Holism. The view that human and natural events related to each other thoroughly.
3. The view that history is a responsibility that comes from the golden age.
4. The concept of cycles in the history of politics.
5. The view that there is a moral dynamics in various human activities.
B. Field and Objective Historiography
The purpose of the writing of history tied to the desire of state officials in general classes. Namely:
Maintain stability and tranquility in a way dujalankannya administration and enforcement of social control, maintaining Confusianis conservatism, maintaining the basic ethics in society Confusionis in literature and art, and protection class position literay and Gentry of the autocratic emperor threat or power-hungry group.
The scope of Chinese historiography:
• Convergence is very great attention to political history and lessons about stability and change that can be drawn from it.
• The history of institutions viewed from the capital and the official currency of the glass. Economic part, centered on the regular functioning of government.
• Little attention to groups opposed to the literati class.
• A little about religions that are considered apostates.
C. Method of History.
The method used Historian China can be divided into two groups.
1. Method of recording contemporary events.
=> The court historian in charge of records every day of every court event.
=> Unofficial historian, noted peritiwa-events experienced.
2. Compilation method based on time series of the notes above.
=> From time to time, the court historian edit and take notes daily digest seta menyusunya based urytan time.
=> The same is done by the unofficial historian.
D. Modernization Historiography.
Chinese traditional historiography stalled because of several things that affect perkembangn historiography, namely:
> The occurrence of the phases of the collapse of the imperial system in China.
> The entry of Western influence.
At 1905 abolished the state examination system, coupled with rapid reforms in education. Preformance famous universities in 1930-1931, provides some positions for historians. Unruk leading advanced research institute is an institution of history and philology, as a branch of the Academia SIB = tract was formed by the government in 1928.
Year 1930-1945 to be the grim consequences of the Japanese attack. 1945-1949, the nationalist government to be intolerant of different opinions, so the situation becomes increasingly tense and oppression rampant. In 1949 the historian must choose to live in china or retreated to Taiwan. Most fdari they choose to live. After 1949, there were two centers of historical research that is the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China on Taiwan.
Since 1949 historians have always forced the PRC to improve mastery of Marxism and the Marxist theories to create new sejaran immediately, which fits with the new government. In general, dogmatic reasons has led to the study of history in China became sterile.
In Taiwan, Acamedica Sinica revived. National Taiwan University has a faculty of history. Several previous publications of the Academica Sinica glow reprinted, but a historical fact that people in Taiwan is very small and limited.
Source:
Wiodayanta, Danar. 2002. Diktat Kuliah: Perkembangan Historiografi Tinjauan di Berbagai Wilayah Dunia. Yogyakarta: UNY.
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Kamis, 20 Januari 2011
Selasa, 04 Januari 2011
Islamic historiography progress
Islamic historiography is the writing of history by Muslims both groups and individuals from various schools and within a certain period. The aim is to show the development of the concept of history both in thought and in our thoughts and in our scientific approach does is accompanied by a description of the growth, development and decline of other forms of expression used in the presentation of historical materials. Most of the works of many written in Arabic, but many speakers of other languages such as Persian and Turkish.
A. Historical Origins
Islamic historiography is closely related to the development of Islamic religious knowledge, and position in the history of Islamic education has a decisive influence on the intellectual level of the writing of history. Islamic historiography is more easily learned and understood within the general framework of Islamic civilization. The development of Islamic civilization is a great reflection on the history. Cultures from several studies show that:
a. That Islam as a religion the world has shown a remarkable development in world history.
b. Furthermore, Islam as a religion has also emit a civilization.
c. In the development of Islamic civilization, the traditions of foreign cultures are absorbed, modified, then that is not appropriate deletions.
d. Islamic Civilization presents a complete system of thought and behavior that develops as a major impetus which include human relationships with God, nature and the man himself.
Things that encourage the rapid development of Islamic historiography are:
1. The concept of Islam as a religion that contains history. Prophet has provided a framework for a vast historical container to be filled out and interpreted by historians.
2. The existence of historical consciousness that is fostered by the Prophet Muhammad. Great sense of history becomes a spur to research and writing of history.
Tahab development of mechanisms that created Islam:
a. At first the information submitted in Oral.
b. Later this oral delivery methods (oral transmission) equipped with an unpublished written records, that kind of reporting records.
Most of the works of many former Muslims who lost, because no institution publishing and writing materials tahna long time, probably also due to change of power Ummayah (660-750), many are destroyed. Few examples of Islamic historians of this period:
1. Urwah ibn. Az-Zubyar (650-711), one Muslim scholar who has written a book of War by the Prophet.
2. Al-Zuhri (670-740), has written a paper on "Genealogy of the nation". Besides, he also writes the possibility for personal gain during the reign of the Caliph.
3. Ibn Musa. Uqnah (758/759), in the form of short fragments, which do not contain all of history.
4. Ibn Ishaq (704-767), wrote major historical works of the oldest and is still maintained until now, although an improvement kemudiian the Biography of the Prophet or sirah.
B. Form and Content of Work History
Pre-Islamic Arab tradition has emphasized the fact that konkrid element in history, regardless of their environment and where possible not changed by the process of human thinking. The basic form of Islamic work is: a simple statement, the events off, without weight, even though anaka range, penonlolan brain, disususn all at once without an explanation of the cause musabahnya. Historical truth, as where the truth of religion has been considered to be guaranteed by impartiality of a number of people who deliver a berantaisehingga information they called "a series of news giver" or isnads.
1. Khabar
Namely, the oldest form of historiography is directly related to the war story with a good and perfect description written in bebebrapa page only. Typical Khabar namely:
a. There is no causal relationship between two or more events.
b. Khabar already existed before Islam became a war story with a form of short stories presented in the form of a dialogue that alleviate the historian.
c. Khabar form is more diverse picture.
Examples of several historical works that use shape khabar:
a. Ali Ibn Muhammad al-Madani (d. 831). monographs have been found is al-Murdifat min Quraysy (Quraish a stout woman's husband)
b. Abu Mihnaf Lut ibn Yahya (d. 774)
c. Al-Haytham ibn Adi (d. 821) and Ibn Habib. his work is a collection of monographs in the form khabar or nasab.
2. Chronicle
Compilation of history based on the sequence ruler and the years events. This chronicle can be added with new things in supplement form, commonly called dyal or tail.
Examples of work history (chronic), the oldest:
a. Work Khalifah ibn. Khayyat, in Arabic, was written until 847 years approximately eight years before the author died. He began his exposition of the meaning of chronicle and a brief description about the history of Muhammad at the beginning of his life.
b. Ya'kub ibn. Sufyan (d. 891). Book of history written in the second half of the 9th century. Written by order of the year plus a few quotations.
c. Ibn Abi Haithamah (d. 893). Also show chapter by chapter-year sequence, though limited, when compared with other works in its entirety.
d. Jarier Ibn al-Tabari (923), comprising standard works of multiple volumes on historiography is to chronicle chronicles al-Uman wa al-Muluk. Descriptions that include the history of the prophet in Mecca, the Prophet's wives, apostate, a biography of Abu Bakr, and so on. Another inscription is Adab al rituals, Adab al-Nufus, Iktilaf cleric al-Amshar, Tahdzib Atsar, Jami al-Bayan al ta'wil Ayl al-Quran, al-Jami 'fi al Qiraat, Zail al Zall al Muzayyal etc. His writings influenced the direction of further writing.
3. Biography
Biographies are arranged in groups, commonly called "tabaqah". This work covers the history of the lives of those big, prominent figures and important people who have died within approximately the same.
In Islamic society there are several factors why the biography becomes dominant:
a. Biography of the Prophet Muhammad is the main source for the development of Islamic society.
b. Narrates the life of the Prophet Muhammad in detail depending on the individual transmitters, it can be rejected or accepted depending on the data transmitters of life itself.
c. The struggle to uphold Islam in most of the advantage shown by individuals leader, who has been very instrumental in the struggle.
Since the 10th century, preparing biographies in alphabetical order is the preferred way.
Some works of biography:
a. al-Dhahabi in his book chronicle al-Islam wa al a'lam thabaqat masyahir able to show date of birth of each year for inclusion of names on in the book.
b. Khatib al-Baghdadi in the book chronicle of Baghdad, date of birth and death respectively mentioned in the beginning of the writing of biography.
c. Yaqut (1229), entitled al-Irshad ila arib ma'rifat al-adib.
d. Abi Usaybiah (1270), his writings titled Ujun al-Anba fi al-atibba tabagat
e. Ibn Khallikan (1282), biographies of leading figures of al-titled wafayat A'yan.
4. General History
At the end of the 9th century, political history was associated with a history of thought, and began to discuss various important symptom of civilizations ever known, including:
a. Work history of al-Yaqubi, titled chronicle al-Yaqubi spread by Goutsma in Leiden in 1883 consists of two volumes.
b. Al-Mas'udi write about Muruj az-Zahab that still affect the subsequent works.
c. The work of Muhammad Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, al-Umam chronicle entitled wa al-Muluk. Contains descriptions of the history of religion, law and other political events.
d. Miskawiyah with his work Tajarib al-Umam. Contains a description of the ancient Persian history, and history of the Roman empire and Turkey.
e. Rashid ad-Din Fadlalh (1318) from Central Asia, his work on Public History (Jami'at-annals), written in Persian and is the first original work of universal history of Islam.
C. The Historian
Most of the work of historiography, Islam is a blessing service scholars educated in the science of religion. Their writing activities also involves the writing of history.
1. Historian Palace.
Professional historians in the palace is an important part in several palaces, such as younger dynasty palace of the Persian and Ottoman that provide highly encouraged to study history. Their number is not much, and they were instrumental in producing works best in the history of Islam.
2. Amateur Historian
The rulers who wrote works of history and memoirs can be regarded as an amateur historian. most of these works concerning the pedigree (geneologi).
3. Professional historians.
Are people who devoted themselves in compiling the works of history and consider themselves or are considered by Islamic tradition as a historian. Professional historians dalm modern sense hardly exist in medieval environment. For example: Al-Mas'udi and Al-Magrizi (1442) during the reign of the Mamluk dynasty in Egypt.
D. Objectives and Methodology Historiography
Muslim historians have a habit to introduce their works with a declaration stating the purpose of writing history. History also has benefits include: (1) mengajrkan good examples, (2) taught how to cope with the problems faced in this world, (3) teach our politicians to control how good governance, (4) something interesting but it requires thinking.
The main task of the historian is to develop what is really happening and the main problem they face is to investigate the validity of information obtained, either orally or through written sources. Written history has given an evidentiary authority (evidental authority). Archival research and study of inscriptions, currencies, and historical evidence about the same time it is used only sporadically. There are some historians who discuss the methodology of Islamic historiography, among them:
a. The work of Muhammad bn. Ibrahim al-Iji namely al-Faqier Tuhfatu Shahibi ila al-Sarier written in 1381-1382.
b. Muhyiddin Ibn Muhammad Sulaiman al0Kafiyani (1386-1474). Al-Kafiyani, also wrote a comprehensive work on Islamic historiography, methods, problems, and history with kitapnya Mukhtasar fi ilm al-chronicle published in cairo in 1463.
c. Shamsuddin al-Sakhawi (1427-1497) with his work al-I'lan bi al-Taubiekhi liman dzamma Ahla al-Chronicles published in 1492 in Mecca.
Besides the above there are also works of Ibn Farighun with Jawawi'al-'Ulum, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi by Haqaiq al-Anwar, Ibn al-'Adiem with Bughyat al-Thalab, Al-Khabar Magriezi with 'an al-Basyar, Al-Dhahabi in al-Qurra Thabaqat '.
E. Islamic Philosophy and Sociology
Views of Muslim historians, that history is God's chosen media to improve human and as persipan to face the day of reckoning from the end of the world that can not be circumvented.
Mishkawayh in his work entitled The experience of Nations, he denies that the events caused by the cam [purtangan of human strength beyond that happened in history. While Ibn Khaldun of North Africa (1406), writing in the year 1377, he developed a system that makes sense for the historical process from the point of mere humans. In his preface (Preamble) of the book on the history of Kitab al-Ibar unjversal, outlines that humans rely on the forces of matter and psychology, which diuraikannya in detail.
F. Contemporary Islamic historiography
In the 19th century, there are several translations of Western works have ever known. At that time there were concerns of non-Islamic history is still limited, and saatb now has many Islamic historians who obtained a Western education in scientific practice and methodology. They began to publish important historical works.
History of Islam in general historiography written by Franz Rosenthal in one karyuanya A History of Muslim Historiography first published in 1952. This work has provided a great influence dalammenelusuri history of Islamic historiography.
A masterpiece of Islamic historiography written by a young intellectual named Nizar Ahmed Faruqi India titled Early Muslim Historiography, published in 1979 in New Delhi. This dissertation as a documentary that presents the perspective of history writing in early Islam (612-750). Some other works that can be used as study material is the writings of Islamic historiography JH Kramers, "Historiography Among the Osmani Turks".
A. Historical Origins
Islamic historiography is closely related to the development of Islamic religious knowledge, and position in the history of Islamic education has a decisive influence on the intellectual level of the writing of history. Islamic historiography is more easily learned and understood within the general framework of Islamic civilization. The development of Islamic civilization is a great reflection on the history. Cultures from several studies show that:
a. That Islam as a religion the world has shown a remarkable development in world history.
b. Furthermore, Islam as a religion has also emit a civilization.
c. In the development of Islamic civilization, the traditions of foreign cultures are absorbed, modified, then that is not appropriate deletions.
d. Islamic Civilization presents a complete system of thought and behavior that develops as a major impetus which include human relationships with God, nature and the man himself.
Things that encourage the rapid development of Islamic historiography are:
1. The concept of Islam as a religion that contains history. Prophet has provided a framework for a vast historical container to be filled out and interpreted by historians.
2. The existence of historical consciousness that is fostered by the Prophet Muhammad. Great sense of history becomes a spur to research and writing of history.
Tahab development of mechanisms that created Islam:
a. At first the information submitted in Oral.
b. Later this oral delivery methods (oral transmission) equipped with an unpublished written records, that kind of reporting records.
Most of the works of many former Muslims who lost, because no institution publishing and writing materials tahna long time, probably also due to change of power Ummayah (660-750), many are destroyed. Few examples of Islamic historians of this period:
1. Urwah ibn. Az-Zubyar (650-711), one Muslim scholar who has written a book of War by the Prophet.
2. Al-Zuhri (670-740), has written a paper on "Genealogy of the nation". Besides, he also writes the possibility for personal gain during the reign of the Caliph.
3. Ibn Musa. Uqnah (758/759), in the form of short fragments, which do not contain all of history.
4. Ibn Ishaq (704-767), wrote major historical works of the oldest and is still maintained until now, although an improvement kemudiian the Biography of the Prophet or sirah.
B. Form and Content of Work History
Pre-Islamic Arab tradition has emphasized the fact that konkrid element in history, regardless of their environment and where possible not changed by the process of human thinking. The basic form of Islamic work is: a simple statement, the events off, without weight, even though anaka range, penonlolan brain, disususn all at once without an explanation of the cause musabahnya. Historical truth, as where the truth of religion has been considered to be guaranteed by impartiality of a number of people who deliver a berantaisehingga information they called "a series of news giver" or isnads.
1. Khabar
Namely, the oldest form of historiography is directly related to the war story with a good and perfect description written in bebebrapa page only. Typical Khabar namely:
a. There is no causal relationship between two or more events.
b. Khabar already existed before Islam became a war story with a form of short stories presented in the form of a dialogue that alleviate the historian.
c. Khabar form is more diverse picture.
Examples of several historical works that use shape khabar:
a. Ali Ibn Muhammad al-Madani (d. 831). monographs have been found is al-Murdifat min Quraysy (Quraish a stout woman's husband)
b. Abu Mihnaf Lut ibn Yahya (d. 774)
c. Al-Haytham ibn Adi (d. 821) and Ibn Habib. his work is a collection of monographs in the form khabar or nasab.
2. Chronicle
Compilation of history based on the sequence ruler and the years events. This chronicle can be added with new things in supplement form, commonly called dyal or tail.
Examples of work history (chronic), the oldest:
a. Work Khalifah ibn. Khayyat, in Arabic, was written until 847 years approximately eight years before the author died. He began his exposition of the meaning of chronicle and a brief description about the history of Muhammad at the beginning of his life.
b. Ya'kub ibn. Sufyan (d. 891). Book of history written in the second half of the 9th century. Written by order of the year plus a few quotations.
c. Ibn Abi Haithamah (d. 893). Also show chapter by chapter-year sequence, though limited, when compared with other works in its entirety.
d. Jarier Ibn al-Tabari (923), comprising standard works of multiple volumes on historiography is to chronicle chronicles al-Uman wa al-Muluk. Descriptions that include the history of the prophet in Mecca, the Prophet's wives, apostate, a biography of Abu Bakr, and so on. Another inscription is Adab al rituals, Adab al-Nufus, Iktilaf cleric al-Amshar, Tahdzib Atsar, Jami al-Bayan al ta'wil Ayl al-Quran, al-Jami 'fi al Qiraat, Zail al Zall al Muzayyal etc. His writings influenced the direction of further writing.
3. Biography
Biographies are arranged in groups, commonly called "tabaqah". This work covers the history of the lives of those big, prominent figures and important people who have died within approximately the same.
In Islamic society there are several factors why the biography becomes dominant:
a. Biography of the Prophet Muhammad is the main source for the development of Islamic society.
b. Narrates the life of the Prophet Muhammad in detail depending on the individual transmitters, it can be rejected or accepted depending on the data transmitters of life itself.
c. The struggle to uphold Islam in most of the advantage shown by individuals leader, who has been very instrumental in the struggle.
Since the 10th century, preparing biographies in alphabetical order is the preferred way.
Some works of biography:
a. al-Dhahabi in his book chronicle al-Islam wa al a'lam thabaqat masyahir able to show date of birth of each year for inclusion of names on in the book.
b. Khatib al-Baghdadi in the book chronicle of Baghdad, date of birth and death respectively mentioned in the beginning of the writing of biography.
c. Yaqut (1229), entitled al-Irshad ila arib ma'rifat al-adib.
d. Abi Usaybiah (1270), his writings titled Ujun al-Anba fi al-atibba tabagat
e. Ibn Khallikan (1282), biographies of leading figures of al-titled wafayat A'yan.
4. General History
At the end of the 9th century, political history was associated with a history of thought, and began to discuss various important symptom of civilizations ever known, including:
a. Work history of al-Yaqubi, titled chronicle al-Yaqubi spread by Goutsma in Leiden in 1883 consists of two volumes.
b. Al-Mas'udi write about Muruj az-Zahab that still affect the subsequent works.
c. The work of Muhammad Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, al-Umam chronicle entitled wa al-Muluk. Contains descriptions of the history of religion, law and other political events.
d. Miskawiyah with his work Tajarib al-Umam. Contains a description of the ancient Persian history, and history of the Roman empire and Turkey.
e. Rashid ad-Din Fadlalh (1318) from Central Asia, his work on Public History (Jami'at-annals), written in Persian and is the first original work of universal history of Islam.
C. The Historian
Most of the work of historiography, Islam is a blessing service scholars educated in the science of religion. Their writing activities also involves the writing of history.
1. Historian Palace.
Professional historians in the palace is an important part in several palaces, such as younger dynasty palace of the Persian and Ottoman that provide highly encouraged to study history. Their number is not much, and they were instrumental in producing works best in the history of Islam.
2. Amateur Historian
The rulers who wrote works of history and memoirs can be regarded as an amateur historian. most of these works concerning the pedigree (geneologi).
3. Professional historians.
Are people who devoted themselves in compiling the works of history and consider themselves or are considered by Islamic tradition as a historian. Professional historians dalm modern sense hardly exist in medieval environment. For example: Al-Mas'udi and Al-Magrizi (1442) during the reign of the Mamluk dynasty in Egypt.
D. Objectives and Methodology Historiography
Muslim historians have a habit to introduce their works with a declaration stating the purpose of writing history. History also has benefits include: (1) mengajrkan good examples, (2) taught how to cope with the problems faced in this world, (3) teach our politicians to control how good governance, (4) something interesting but it requires thinking.
The main task of the historian is to develop what is really happening and the main problem they face is to investigate the validity of information obtained, either orally or through written sources. Written history has given an evidentiary authority (evidental authority). Archival research and study of inscriptions, currencies, and historical evidence about the same time it is used only sporadically. There are some historians who discuss the methodology of Islamic historiography, among them:
a. The work of Muhammad bn. Ibrahim al-Iji namely al-Faqier Tuhfatu Shahibi ila al-Sarier written in 1381-1382.
b. Muhyiddin Ibn Muhammad Sulaiman al0Kafiyani (1386-1474). Al-Kafiyani, also wrote a comprehensive work on Islamic historiography, methods, problems, and history with kitapnya Mukhtasar fi ilm al-chronicle published in cairo in 1463.
c. Shamsuddin al-Sakhawi (1427-1497) with his work al-I'lan bi al-Taubiekhi liman dzamma Ahla al-Chronicles published in 1492 in Mecca.
Besides the above there are also works of Ibn Farighun with Jawawi'al-'Ulum, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi by Haqaiq al-Anwar, Ibn al-'Adiem with Bughyat al-Thalab, Al-Khabar Magriezi with 'an al-Basyar, Al-Dhahabi in al-Qurra Thabaqat '.
E. Islamic Philosophy and Sociology
Views of Muslim historians, that history is God's chosen media to improve human and as persipan to face the day of reckoning from the end of the world that can not be circumvented.
Mishkawayh in his work entitled The experience of Nations, he denies that the events caused by the cam [purtangan of human strength beyond that happened in history. While Ibn Khaldun of North Africa (1406), writing in the year 1377, he developed a system that makes sense for the historical process from the point of mere humans. In his preface (Preamble) of the book on the history of Kitab al-Ibar unjversal, outlines that humans rely on the forces of matter and psychology, which diuraikannya in detail.
F. Contemporary Islamic historiography
In the 19th century, there are several translations of Western works have ever known. At that time there were concerns of non-Islamic history is still limited, and saatb now has many Islamic historians who obtained a Western education in scientific practice and methodology. They began to publish important historical works.
History of Islam in general historiography written by Franz Rosenthal in one karyuanya A History of Muslim Historiography first published in 1952. This work has provided a great influence dalammenelusuri history of Islamic historiography.
A masterpiece of Islamic historiography written by a young intellectual named Nizar Ahmed Faruqi India titled Early Muslim Historiography, published in 1979 in New Delhi. This dissertation as a documentary that presents the perspective of history writing in early Islam (612-750). Some other works that can be used as study material is the writings of Islamic historiography JH Kramers, "Historiography Among the Osmani Turks".
Historiography South Asia
Histiografi developments in south Asia can be divided into two periods namely traditional and modern. In the traditional historiography kesusateraan sources are still very strong. While in modern historiography is more directed to India this is because Indialah the most impressive in quantity or quality.
A. Traditional historiography
Traditional historiography of South Asia can be divided into two namely:
1. Before the entrance of Islam into India
Religion veda is the oldest religious scriptures berkitab, introduced in animist communities are still illiterate in South Asia. This religion-produced chronicle chronicle in the form of Purana. Purana tradition was later expanded with chronicle chronicle-dynasty, but still has the characteristics:
a. General unknown.
b. Overstated.
c. Less data is authentic.
d. Neglect of topography and chronology.
Epic Mahabharata and Ramayana are many influential and widely used as a source in a tradition of historiography. Both these epic along with Pancatrata and Jataka stories of Buddhism became a source of humorous stories and traditions of Buddhist geneologis story to writing and chronic-chronic in Sri Lanka. In Sri Lanka in its development appear wamsa tradition (especially chronic Dipavamsa known,
Mahamvasa, and Culavamsa) resulted in several initiatives chronicles the palace, there arose a tradition, the writing of history. These works formed chronicle and humorous story, written in the form of poem, and its use is limited among the palace.
2. After the entry of Islam into India.
A tradition of historiography that has developed both introduced, and for six more centuries to master a branch of Islamic historiography of South Asia. The main characteristics of Islamic writing:
a. Tied to the interests of power sortodoks.
b. Tend to serve the Lord and the Islamic community.
c. Aimed at the moral and religious education through the stories of the prophets, caliphs, caliphs, sultans and great men among the religious and historical heritage of the government of India, and can be regarded as an integral part of South Asian historiography.
B. Modern historiography
a. Western science in India began to develop when the Society was formed in Calcutta in 1784, founded by William James. Research activities of this institution on the eastern world. Born too similar institutions in Bombay, Madras, Mysore and Sri Lanka, as well as growth lemabaga ilmiahdi agencies of France and Germany, there are study-kajiandi seta Europe in the 19th century, meriupakan foundation for the development of modern historiography in south asia.
The most important contribution in the first place is in the field:
a. Filiologi and editing Sanskrit texts from Vedic and Buddhist religions.
b. Archaeological research on India, as the founder dasae to deal with material from ancient India who previously could not be learned.
c. Pre-Islamic areas. This period is very menarikkarena no chronology, no geneologi who can be trusted, and no provisions that could explain exactly amnusia.
20th-century historiography in South Asia is directly and strongly influenced by Western methodology. There are two ways:
a. A deeper appreciation of western scientific methods, especially after the most brilliant research arkheologis of Mohenjodaro and Harrapa.
b. Nasionalitis and anti-imperialistic approach, which in its most extreme result in the writing of history-writing is bad and revisionitas on the one hand, and on the other hand provide incentives for Marxist historiography and others in bentukhistoriografi radical.
India after independence, the writing of history continues to grow primarily through institutions such as:
- Archeological Survey (Department Arkheologi)
- History Records Commission (Commission for Historical Archive)
- Indian History Congress (Congress of History of India)
Ever held a conference on the History of Asia in 1961 and the International meeting of the International Conggres of Orientallis (the International Congress of experts on the East) held in New Delhi in 1965.
Historiography developments in Pakistan since 1947 is less prominent. Separation with India led to a new country is lack of research facilities. Historians Pakistan began to revive the traditions of Islamic historiography. The works produced by A. The most important Yusuf Ali, Shafa 'at Ahmad Khan and I.H. Qureshi, who was famous before the separation with India.
In Sri Lanka the development of historiography rather late. But the results can be seen in publications of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Sri Lanka Branch of the Royal Society Asia), and Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies (Journal of Sri Lanka for history and social studies) who had recently formed.
A. Traditional historiography
Traditional historiography of South Asia can be divided into two namely:
1. Before the entrance of Islam into India
Religion veda is the oldest religious scriptures berkitab, introduced in animist communities are still illiterate in South Asia. This religion-produced chronicle chronicle in the form of Purana. Purana tradition was later expanded with chronicle chronicle-dynasty, but still has the characteristics:
a. General unknown.
b. Overstated.
c. Less data is authentic.
d. Neglect of topography and chronology.
Epic Mahabharata and Ramayana are many influential and widely used as a source in a tradition of historiography. Both these epic along with Pancatrata and Jataka stories of Buddhism became a source of humorous stories and traditions of Buddhist geneologis story to writing and chronic-chronic in Sri Lanka. In Sri Lanka in its development appear wamsa tradition (especially chronic Dipavamsa known,
Mahamvasa, and Culavamsa) resulted in several initiatives chronicles the palace, there arose a tradition, the writing of history. These works formed chronicle and humorous story, written in the form of poem, and its use is limited among the palace.
2. After the entry of Islam into India.
A tradition of historiography that has developed both introduced, and for six more centuries to master a branch of Islamic historiography of South Asia. The main characteristics of Islamic writing:
a. Tied to the interests of power sortodoks.
b. Tend to serve the Lord and the Islamic community.
c. Aimed at the moral and religious education through the stories of the prophets, caliphs, caliphs, sultans and great men among the religious and historical heritage of the government of India, and can be regarded as an integral part of South Asian historiography.
B. Modern historiography
a. Western science in India began to develop when the Society was formed in Calcutta in 1784, founded by William James. Research activities of this institution on the eastern world. Born too similar institutions in Bombay, Madras, Mysore and Sri Lanka, as well as growth lemabaga ilmiahdi agencies of France and Germany, there are study-kajiandi seta Europe in the 19th century, meriupakan foundation for the development of modern historiography in south asia.
The most important contribution in the first place is in the field:
a. Filiologi and editing Sanskrit texts from Vedic and Buddhist religions.
b. Archaeological research on India, as the founder dasae to deal with material from ancient India who previously could not be learned.
c. Pre-Islamic areas. This period is very menarikkarena no chronology, no geneologi who can be trusted, and no provisions that could explain exactly amnusia.
20th-century historiography in South Asia is directly and strongly influenced by Western methodology. There are two ways:
a. A deeper appreciation of western scientific methods, especially after the most brilliant research arkheologis of Mohenjodaro and Harrapa.
b. Nasionalitis and anti-imperialistic approach, which in its most extreme result in the writing of history-writing is bad and revisionitas on the one hand, and on the other hand provide incentives for Marxist historiography and others in bentukhistoriografi radical.
India after independence, the writing of history continues to grow primarily through institutions such as:
- Archeological Survey (Department Arkheologi)
- History Records Commission (Commission for Historical Archive)
- Indian History Congress (Congress of History of India)
Ever held a conference on the History of Asia in 1961 and the International meeting of the International Conggres of Orientallis (the International Congress of experts on the East) held in New Delhi in 1965.
Historiography developments in Pakistan since 1947 is less prominent. Separation with India led to a new country is lack of research facilities. Historians Pakistan began to revive the traditions of Islamic historiography. The works produced by A. The most important Yusuf Ali, Shafa 'at Ahmad Khan and I.H. Qureshi, who was famous before the separation with India.
In Sri Lanka the development of historiography rather late. But the results can be seen in publications of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Sri Lanka Branch of the Royal Society Asia), and Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies (Journal of Sri Lanka for history and social studies) who had recently formed.
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