Chinese Historiography Progress

China is a nation that has an unbroken history of the oldest in the world. At first, Chinese history is a mix between the ways magico-religio with record keeping. This has caused a profound effect on China's historical tradition in the land.
1. Yellow Emperor (Huang Ti), for the first time to the appointment of court historians. Huang Ti is one of the legendary former Chinese culture.
2. Shang Dynasty (1751-1111 BC).
Modern Arkheologi membuktikkan that forecasters Shang dynasty palace, have kept "the archives" of their prophecy written on bones and tortoise shells.
3. Chuo early dynasty (1111-221 BC)
Fragmentary records, especially of certain chapters of the Shu Ching, or "History" reflects an ongoing interest in the history of the descendants of kings, ordinances and political legitimacy.
Warring States Period (Chang Kuo, 481-221 BC), for the first time China comes a thought-pemiiran systematic. The habit of always taking historical figures is an important factor in Chinese thinking. Confucius (551-479 BC) and his followers have emphasized the moral core of history.
Unitary state formed in the year 221 BC, the Chinese model of political development in later periods. Palace continued and promoted the tradition of past experience in hiring the historian who was given the task of maintaining the records of the emperor and all sorts of important events in the kingdom.

4. Early Han Dynasty (Ch'ien Han, 206 BC-9SM)
Ma grand-ch'ien Historians continue his father's job to make the history. He wrote Shih, Chi h first book of history that includes Chinese history from the time of vague until approximately the year 100 BC.
5. Later Han Dynasty (Hou Han, AD 25-220)
Pan-pu, the court historian, wrote the book of history which is the first book of the series' history of the dynasty "(master-tai sihih). This book is called History of Early Han Dynasty (Ch'ien Han Shu). Books Shih Chi and Ch'ien Han Shu became a model and emulated by other historians to write history books during later dynasties.
6. Age Divisions (220-586 BC), the dominance of the nations 'bar-bar'.
Buddhism slowly seeped into the thinking of Chinese, however, Buddhism is only a very small effect on the thinking of Chinese history. Early days of this age is the second big era of creative thinking the Chinese. Liu Hsieh 9465-522 BC), wrote a great book about literature. Part of this book also discusses various issues of historiography that is the importance of general principles, the limits to choose specific things, the size to trust the material, as well as objectivity and bias issues.
7. Tang Dynasty (618-906) golden age of art and literature.
For the first time in history become the raw material in the curriculum of the state exam. A state officials Tu Yu (735-812) tried to free itself from the traditions of dynastic records and write T'ung Tien. Shaped encyclopedia and regarded as the first Chinese institutional history. In the early days of the Tang held a major expansion of bureaucracy in charge of recording the events, process dokumuan, memeliharaarsip and write history.
In compiling the history of the dynasty, imperial commissions held a press authors have replaced the expansion of bureaucracy in charge of recording the events, process dokumuan, memeliharaarsip and write history.
In compiling the history of the dynasty, imperial commissions have replaced the individual authors. These symptoms began the division of official and unofficial historiography that continue to expire until the end of the imperial system.
8. Sung period (960-1279)
Writing the history of neo-Confucianism shows a new rigor in the writing of history, the tendency to use unofficial sources and efforts to explain rationally combined with a strong belief in the power of moral.
9. Manchu Dynasty (Ching, 1644-1911).
Feelings are not satisfied with the orthodoxy of neo-Confucianism has led to the emergence of a movement which is very important criticism. -Rational empiricism led to the emergence of new principles and methods in the geographical-historical, epigraphy, archeology and other fields. When the imperial system collapsed. The method and spirit of the new historians doubt reflected widely in the modernization of Chinese historiography.
A. Views on the History of Chinese People
The term shih (historical) in terms of China has many meanings. Chinese conception of history is determined by certain elements in the Chinese view of the World.
1. Ethnocentrism. History terutamaberhubungan with the "middle kingdom" is bagsa bars that must be excluded from the merngakibatkan Chinese culture Chinese culture isolation has only a little knowledge about the other great cultures.
2. Holism. The view that human and natural events related to each other thoroughly.
3. The view that history is a responsibility that comes from the golden age.
4. The concept of cycles in the history of politics.
5. The view that there is a moral dynamics in various human activities.
B. Field and Objective Historiography
The purpose of the writing of history tied to the desire of state officials in general classes. Namely:
Maintain stability and tranquility in a way dujalankannya administration and enforcement of social control, maintaining Confusianis conservatism, maintaining the basic ethics in society Confusionis in literature and art, and protection class position literay and Gentry of the autocratic emperor threat or power-hungry group.
The scope of Chinese historiography:
• Convergence is very great attention to political history and lessons about stability and change that can be drawn from it.
• The history of institutions viewed from the capital and the official currency of the glass. Economic part, centered on the regular functioning of government.
• Little attention to groups opposed to the literati class.
• A little about religions that are considered apostates.
C. Method of History.
The method used Historian China can be divided into two groups.
1. Method of recording contemporary events.
=> The court historian in charge of records every day of every court event.
=> Unofficial historian, noted peritiwa-events experienced.
2. Compilation method based on time series of the notes above.
=> From time to time, the court historian edit and take notes daily digest seta menyusunya based urytan time.
=> The same is done by the unofficial historian.
D. Modernization Historiography.
Chinese traditional historiography stalled because of several things that affect perkembangn historiography, namely:
> The occurrence of the phases of the collapse of the imperial system in China.
> The entry of Western influence.
At 1905 abolished the state examination system, coupled with rapid reforms in education. Preformance famous universities in 1930-1931, provides some positions for historians. Unruk leading advanced research institute is an institution of history and philology, as a branch of the Academia SIB = tract was formed by the government in 1928.
Year 1930-1945 to be the grim consequences of the Japanese attack. 1945-1949, the nationalist government to be intolerant of different opinions, so the situation becomes increasingly tense and oppression rampant. In 1949 the historian must choose to live in china or retreated to Taiwan. Most fdari they choose to live. After 1949, there were two centers of historical research that is the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China on Taiwan.
Since 1949 historians have always forced the PRC to improve mastery of Marxism and the Marxist theories to create new sejaran immediately, which fits with the new government. In general, dogmatic reasons has led to the study of history in China became sterile.
In Taiwan, Acamedica Sinica revived. National Taiwan University has a faculty of history. Several previous publications of the Academica Sinica glow reprinted, but a historical fact that people in Taiwan is very small and limited.
Source:
Wiodayanta, Danar. 2002. Diktat Kuliah: Perkembangan Historiografi Tinjauan di Berbagai Wilayah Dunia. Yogyakarta: UNY.