Muslims in Africa

a. Mauritania

Mauritania is a country that shows the integration of the most powerful in terms of ethnic identity, national and state identity. Population is entirely Muslim country and identify itself as an Islamic state. Through the treaty of Paris a number of European powers recognize the government of France for Senegal and several regions in the Atlantic Sahara, including some territory that is now a territory of Mauritania. French presence strongly affected the Mauritanian political system. France looked Hassani tribes as political elites, provide subsidies to them, institutionalize their authority as a liaison between the French government and the public.

France also stop the activity that requires citizens of the traditional perampsan Hassani took over grazing and trading activities. This ni resulted in their neglect of religious tribalism which is a part of their traditional functions. Between 1902 and Mauritania in 1934 against the melting away into the French empire. A series of local insurgency can be defeated by the French causing people to stop the rebellion and accept Mauritania collaboration with the French to protect their economic interests and religious.

By the independence of Mauritania, appears much the party among the people of Mauritania. These parties include, Entente Mouritanienne which was established in 1948. The party opposition from Progressiste Mouritanienne Union (UPM). UPM own party split and there is a break-away and formed the Association de la Jeunesse Mouritanienne more loudly demanding independence. The formation of various parties in Mauritania showed that there were disputes within Mauritanian society between the traditional elite and modern politicians. But the main issue is how to preserve the identity of Mauritania to avoid absorption into the Arab nations of North Morocco or Senegal and Sudan in the south. Mauritania's independence in 1958 as the Islamic Republic of Mauritania.

Mauritania's independence by having a unitary national elite who rule society are very segmenter. After independence there unification of political parties between the Entente and UPM, thus forming a new party called Parti du Regroupement Mouritanienne. But in 1961 changed its name to Mouritanienne People Party. Thus the traditional segmenter communities in Mauritania community has been united in a single regime. The divisions of society traisional slowly be overcome through the establishment of a more unified community under a single regime that uses a metropolitan language and promises of Islamic identity.

b. Senegal

Senegal is basically a non-Muslim secular regime that ruled most of the Muslim population. Although this regime is influenced by the political culture of Europe and run by non-Muslim elites, most educated population in tariqat Sufi. Senegal is run through a collaboration between state elites and elite Sufi. Senegal represents an effort to recycle the classic pattern of supportive relations between Muslim countries and Muslim communal organizations.

French government helped support the spread of Islam. By taking a pragmatic attitude towards the Muslims and to regard them as highly civilized group, patterned live productive and capable in the field of administration. French Muslims use as a clerk, and made the village heads sebaga intermediaries and allow running the Islamic law. Under the French government scholars to wander from one place to another, to convey instruction, founded the school and formed the Muslim societies. Despite this worrying French Muslims as their political opponents. For that France tried to keep the Muslim forces are not organized and remains under French control.

France create a law school teacher nyang requires obtaining a permit and memilikii proficiency in speaking French. In 1908 France banned the circulation of newspapers in Arabic and try to develop ethnic and territorial organizations to break the Muslim community. In 1911 the French language shall be used in the Muslim judiciary and the trustee is prohibited to collect zakat. All of the above done to prevent the power of united Islamic community becomes larger.

But all policies are not applied consistently, because after World War I France to switch to policies that provide support for selectively terhdap Muslim figures. As a reward behind it, the Sufi support French efforts in creating a calm situation, army units gather, collect taxes and to increase agricultural production. Muslim elites adjust to the reality of the French government to stop political militancy which was replaced with the activities of worship, education, business economy and establish Muslim tariqat structure.

Tariqat largest and famous in Senegal is Tariqat Muridiyah founded in 1886 by Ahmad Bamba a guardian of the Wolof. He believes the war against France is a vain thing and recommend to switch from war to another job. Sheikh Ibra Fall a Mantang fighters who swear allegiance to Ahmad Bamba, trying to followers of its military into the tariqat Muridiyah. Compliance Ibra Fall marks the colonial domination and the Muslim leadership as the main requirement for the preservation of Wolof society. A mutually supportive relationship between spiritual power and temporal power tariqat endorse the establishment of a more persuasive for a number of Senegalese citizens.

But Ahmad Bamba in a long time suspected by the French as a disseminator of political and territorial aspirations. Because of this he was often exiled in 1895, 1902 and 1907. But in France tahun1912 party can accept that he was a spiritual leader and let him return to economic and Diourbel.

Indeed most of the supporters Tariqat Muridiyah are farmers, but also attract sympathy tariqat people who do not own the land, the young unemployed who worked an internship in agricultural societies. This resulted among supporters tariqat Muridiyah become very popular. In 1912 tariqat has 68,000 supporters and supporters in 1960 grew to 400,000 members. At that moment a third of the citizen-eighth Wolof and Senegalese citizens to be members of this tariqat.

In this tariqat practice of Islam is less important. Although they are fasting of Ramadan, but the obligatory prayers and fasting are other less dperhatikan. Tariqat Fall (muridiyah branch) is strikingly non-orthodox and non-compromise. The descendants of Ibrahim fall not perform Islamic prayers or rituals lainny, but they believe the attitude of resignation and work, and through gentle attitude and practice of magic they could gain the blessings of religion.

At the same time when society was organized by the Senegalese Sufi tariqat, among professional and non-Muslim urban elite took over the struggle for independence. Senegal has a history rooted political elite sejaj 19th century. Elite Senegal involved in the government of France, was working in Europe and eventually inherited the power of the state. With the dawn of Senegal's independence in 1960, Senegal was ruled by non-Muslim elite French education that dipimin by Leopold Senghor and Progressiste Senegalaise Union party. But Senegal is a country where people united by language Wolof is used by 80% of the population and because most of the citizens of Senegal is Muslim.

Senegal is an independent government headed by a president elected who raised a number of ministers. Inside there is an autonomous court. Senghor led from 1960 until 1980. In 1964, Senghor menkonsolidasi strengths and eliminate its opponents, in 1966 he decided to Senegal as a one-party socialist state. 1966 to 1976 UPS became the sole legal party in the country of Senegal, and a number of tariqat unite ourselves as a faction within the ruling party. From the years 1976-1980 Senghir allow the formation of multi-party politics and elections. After the dismissal of Senghor, Senegal was ruled for the first time a Muslim is Abdu Diouf.
Post-independence Senegal is a secular country ayang overwhelmingly Muslim. This population was organized into a number of Sufi tariqat which is a base for rural economic organizations for the citizens. Regime of the country is run in collaboration with religious leaders who became an intermediary with the public. A number of Sufi tariqat economic organizing prodiuktif nuts and gives political support to officials in the interior. Muslim Tariqat subsequently become an integral part of Senegal's political system.

At the same time, urbanization that occurred in Senegal, causing rapid population growth began to doubt authority figures magical hinterland. In some cities show interest in the Arabic language and forms of Islamic belief that the practice of emphasizing prayer, pilgrimage, ethical behavior, and intellectual interests adjacent to the suppression of religious emotion. The move was to form the Muslim Cultural Union (Muslim cultural associations) in 1953. Society is sponsoring the teaching of Arabic and Muslim schools, against colonialism, capitalism, and the influence of Sufi inland.

c. Nigeria

Islam in northern Nigeria has evolved as the religion of the elite since the 15th century. Sokoto Caliphate consolidate the identity of the Muslim political elite and make Islam the religion of the majority population. The emir is responsible for implementing justice, they raised Mallam as the prayer leader, led in the celebration and suggestions regarding religious law. Unofficially the emirs became an arbiter in local disputes.

In 1922 the British built as a high school college Katsina modern. English lessons be compulsory, and the Arabic language is inserted into part of the curriculum. Teaching Quran delivered by the Mallam to the salary of the British government. Kano Law School curriculum taught entirely Islamic. Although politically conservative, the British government evoke major changes in the economic and social. Development of road and rail network, development of agricultural exports such as nuts and cotton, farmers deliver northern Nigeria to the international market.

Economic development raises many important changes in social structure. Kano became the center of northern Nigeria market and as a thriving merchant center. Thus, the city population was divided into many ethnic groups, languages, and class. The structure is divided into an elite class of the ruling Fulani, Hausa traders wealthy, senior civil servants, middle-class merchants and the general public.
Over a century more, Lagos became the main center and the movement of the Muslim community. In 1861 the city became part of British kkoloni. The British help resolve disputes among Muslims and establish a reputation because of being impartial in resolving the internal matters of Muslims. British officials even protect a number of mosques. British Party raises big challenge against a Muslim community by introducing the system of Western education and Christian Education. Therefore, when in 1896 the UK to form a government that provides subsidies Muslim schools with system mix between Western and Muslim curriculum, then the Muslims respond to this as a cultural threat to the West and Christianity and establish their own educational community.
Ibadan town illustrates the different types of Muslim structures. Before the independence of Nigeria, Ibadan has two communities, ie communities Yoruba and Hausa communities. Yoruba Muslim Communist-organized under the authority of a faith and a few leaders to subordinates. Nonetheless, the Muslim community living-Yoruba are not exclusively but rather undergo a good social relations with non-Muslim Yoruba people, including carrying out joint ceremonies in churches and mosques. In addition to the Muslim community, there are also Yoruba Hausa Muslim community.
In the 12th century life in Ibadan Hausa rulers formed a settlement to their own, inhabited by migrants from northern Nigeria, the wives and their gunddik. The British and the majority of the Yoruba support embentukan settlement under a chieftain Hausa as a way to curb migrant communities bum yanh not only involve the vendor, including the merchant, even the thieves, beggars and other persons with social problems.
In the 1940s and 1950s society dominated by village heads and landlords are disturbed by the rise of nationalist movements. Disintregasi Inngris power to force Hausa parati obtain the support of political parties in Nigeria. This would threaten the solidarity kelangsungangan Hausa Hausa and trade monopolies. Thus between 1950 and 1952, after Ibrahim Niass inspired by the visit, the entire Hausa community to join fully with tariqat Tijaniah. The new religious consciousness is also changing the nature of authority in a Hausa community. Now Mallan have an important role as a teacher to straighten out the Muslim religious practices.
Establishment of a national state that leads the country north and south to the same political framework is very conspicuous in the changing political Islam. Nigerian state itself has a history full of riot. Because of the strengthening atnis differences, religious and regional differences, it is very difficult to attempt unification of north and south into nigeri independence. Merseka Nigeria in 1960, but in 1965 a number of government failures and abuses of politicians almost arouse the hostility of all walks of life. In 1966 a variety of turmoil across the country, and perlawananterhadap federal government and the western region, deliver general Ivonsi gain power of government. He attempted to unite the civil service in some wilyah as an attempt to give power to citizens Ibo country. subsequently a number of riots led Colonel Gowon came to power, which memaklumatkan a new constitution that divides Nigeria into twelve small states to meet the interests of minorities and reducing power blocks north and south.
Furthermore, between 1970 and 1975 a number of anxiety southern region of northern domination sparked a new rebellion triggered because of the cooperation between countries north and the existence of a census which showed that the northern region has the majority of the population. In 1976, Gowon's regime was overthrown and replaced by a new government military. After several years vacillated between federal and unitary state concept of Nigeria, the constitutional commission to try to create a national party system, jabatab preisden strong, and the diversity of local small countries who can not resist the central government. In the 1979 general election the party promised menyatukn most private companies and state support for the occupation of state for education. National Party of Nigeria, representing a number of Muslim elites in the north won yet, a new coup in 1984 to return to military rule, Nigeria has not found a stable government, both military and civilian. Behind this instibalitas military post in 1966 to progressively strengthen the country Nigeria. The exploitation of Nigeria led to revenue is very much on the federal state. Political context is changing very striking has changed the role of Islam in Nigeria as a whole.
Then in the 1970s a number of northern Muslim elites have allied with the non-Muslim south to maintain their political positions. Thus in the 1970's there has been increased attention to Nigeria's national identity, as a rival religious and territorial bonds