Heuristic (from Greek: Heuriskein which means finding). So the stage heuristic is an activity to collect source historian, traces - traces the history is required. If we remember that history is made up so many periods with all aspects of life such as: political, economic, social, cultural, legal, military, agriculture and so on, then we perrlu seek diverse sources.
For ease in a study, the source - the source of such a complex history of many species that need diklerifikasi. Therefore, in the discussion of historical sources have described various types of historical sources.
A. Some basic statement.
Before we do the research and writing of history, especially the activities of gathering resources - resources history, there are some important notes that the capital to become a professional historian.
1. Historian "Ideal"
A historian is ideal both as a historian researcher (professional historian, or the practitioner's history) as well as historians of educators (teachers of history), need to have the background, ability, attitude or faith that becomes completeness.
2. Six Step study
a. Choosing an appropriate object;
b. Investigate all evidence relevant to the topic;
c. Make notes about what it considered important and relevant to the topic that was found when the study is in progress.
d. Critically evaluate all the evidence it has collected;
e. Compiling the results - the results of research into a pattern that is true;
f. Presenting in a way that can attract attention and communicate to the reader.
3. Choosing Topics
a. Value (Value)
Topics that should be able to give an explanation for a significant and in the sense of a universal, aspects of human experience perhaps through case study approach or by demonstrating its relationship with the larger movement.
b. Authenticity (Originality)
If the selected subjects have been studied in earlier research, you must make sure that you can display one - or both:
1) New evidence is very substantial and signifiakan, or a
2) Interpretasibaru of evidence that is valid and can be given.
c. Practicality (Practicality)
1) The existence of sources - sources that can be obtained without any difficulty which is not rational.
2) The ability to use the correct source - the source of it based on your educational background or previous.
3) Room includes peneitian.
d. Unity (Unity)
Each study must have a unified theme or directed to a unified theme or directed to a question or a proportion of the round, which will give researchers a starting point, a forward direction to a specific destination, and sutu hope or promise that would give birth to conclusions - conclusions that special.
Tampilkan postingan dengan label method history. Tampilkan semua postingan
Tampilkan postingan dengan label method history. Tampilkan semua postingan
Kamis, 20 Januari 2011
HISTORICAL FACT
A. Basic trust history
The term knowledge is sometimes limited only by what we learn from experience or reason, not of belief. Logical knowledge is included in the distance, which means all of the facts and the truth is restrained from the human mind, not convoluted - convolution of the source obtained. The knowledge which we call as historical documents or historical knowledge, almost entirely disarkan on trust, which might be an affirmation, a mental assent to a truth or a fact on the word or other experts. There are 2 parts preformance in the process. A person (witness, informant) convey knowledge and someone (who believe) accept it. Actual communication of knowledge or testimony may indicate the contents of the delivery of knowledge.
The incident happened as history in an objective sense is no longer possible or experienced repeated again, but the marks as a memory can be disclosed or actualized. Disclosure form again is a statement (statement) about the incident. Thus, it is clear that the facts have been the product of mental processes (historian) or memorisasi. Therefore, essentially the fact also is subjective, includes elements of the subject.
There are a few things to note before we trust the testimony of the witness:
• Before accepting the testimony of witnesses, we must have some way of confirming what he really - really or can be as alleged to have knowledge of the testimony which he gave.
• A witness must be good faith, must have a purpose and a desire to tell the truth and report the facts as known. Honesty is the most basic of all requirements for qualification of a witness.
• Communication actual knowledge to others. People with knowledge of the best and probably intends to prove his possessions are not satisfying the deadline for testimony. Got a memory shortage, the power statement is incomplete and behaviors that are not aware that tall - exaggerated. This can lead to the testimony of one's hard to believe.
Trust is an absolute condition of social life every day. Greatest proportion of each person gained knowledge not from experience or personal reasons remain with the trust given by others. Together with the confidence of witnesses, only the facts that determine his testimony.
The motive of a trust is the main idea contained in the trust to accept because something is true, the world or other. On the other hand the trust not only directly sourced to the witness but also evidence - evidence that can be produced for the honesty or the truth of what he said. The possibility is often the case, with the help of a reference writer, which is given in a footnote to return to the main source of his statement, which often needs to be done in small problems or doubts.
B. Basic - Basic certainty history
The main function of the methodology is to identify ways and means of delivery history, which can be found or be interpreted as a firm approval from the mind to the historical data without fear because of the wrong reasons.
Based on the natural motives which are unfounded, certainty may be moral, physical and meta physical.
a. Motif work or justify
Moral certainty is known as the uniform or announce some of the moral law. History is largely a problem of confidence in the other testimony, and as testimony is an issue that is conditioned by its very basic moral laws, for most of the certainty of history is the history that exists. Certainty can be achieved in the history of frequent outcome of a series of possibilities that centralized, that gives the highest possibility that rare indistinguishable from certainty, and so the logicians often call it "moral certainty". Moral certainty as it applies in history, perhaps best defined as "an assurance that exclude all reasonable doubt,"
b. Certainty is the command history when the basic physical or motif is a uniform operation of known physical laws. Physical laws and conditions of the game which is an important part in the assessment of critical evidence. For example, we know that the time spent in one trip should be conditioned by the distance to be covered and transportation equipment are available.
c. Metaphysical certainty discover the basics of an absolute principle in its applications, do not admit exceptions. That sort of thing is the principle of contradiction / opposition ("the one thing that can not exist and no at the same time") and sufficient reason ("no one is without a sufficient reason," a principle of different causes). The possibility of metaphysical certainty in history it is reductive in character, for instance: "A historical facts which are stated without evidence reported by several independent witnesses. But their consent may not be explained except by the objective truth of the facts that are reported (the principle of sufficient reason). Consequently the fact A is said it must be metaphysical. ".
The facts are impossible to build (in history) is especially cover a wide space or time (sometimes referred to as general facts), customs, doctrine, istitusi, big event, the fact it is easier to observe than others and is now much easier to prove. In the case of ancient and medieval times, pemgetahuan history is limited to the facts common to the scarcity of documents. Basics of certainty is the experience of one's personal history, or the testimony of another person. Private practice, where experience exists, can be hung as a source of specific knowledge.
Sumber :
Garaghan, Gilbert. 1957. A Guide to Historical Method. New York: Fordham U.P.
Kartodirdjo, Sartono. 1992. Pendekatan Ilmu Sosial Dalam Metodologi Sejarah. Jakarta : Gramedia Pustaka Utama
U.P.Hugiono. 1992. Pengantar Ilmu Sejarah. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta
The term knowledge is sometimes limited only by what we learn from experience or reason, not of belief. Logical knowledge is included in the distance, which means all of the facts and the truth is restrained from the human mind, not convoluted - convolution of the source obtained. The knowledge which we call as historical documents or historical knowledge, almost entirely disarkan on trust, which might be an affirmation, a mental assent to a truth or a fact on the word or other experts. There are 2 parts preformance in the process. A person (witness, informant) convey knowledge and someone (who believe) accept it. Actual communication of knowledge or testimony may indicate the contents of the delivery of knowledge.
The incident happened as history in an objective sense is no longer possible or experienced repeated again, but the marks as a memory can be disclosed or actualized. Disclosure form again is a statement (statement) about the incident. Thus, it is clear that the facts have been the product of mental processes (historian) or memorisasi. Therefore, essentially the fact also is subjective, includes elements of the subject.
There are a few things to note before we trust the testimony of the witness:
• Before accepting the testimony of witnesses, we must have some way of confirming what he really - really or can be as alleged to have knowledge of the testimony which he gave.
• A witness must be good faith, must have a purpose and a desire to tell the truth and report the facts as known. Honesty is the most basic of all requirements for qualification of a witness.
• Communication actual knowledge to others. People with knowledge of the best and probably intends to prove his possessions are not satisfying the deadline for testimony. Got a memory shortage, the power statement is incomplete and behaviors that are not aware that tall - exaggerated. This can lead to the testimony of one's hard to believe.
Trust is an absolute condition of social life every day. Greatest proportion of each person gained knowledge not from experience or personal reasons remain with the trust given by others. Together with the confidence of witnesses, only the facts that determine his testimony.
The motive of a trust is the main idea contained in the trust to accept because something is true, the world or other. On the other hand the trust not only directly sourced to the witness but also evidence - evidence that can be produced for the honesty or the truth of what he said. The possibility is often the case, with the help of a reference writer, which is given in a footnote to return to the main source of his statement, which often needs to be done in small problems or doubts.
B. Basic - Basic certainty history
The main function of the methodology is to identify ways and means of delivery history, which can be found or be interpreted as a firm approval from the mind to the historical data without fear because of the wrong reasons.
Based on the natural motives which are unfounded, certainty may be moral, physical and meta physical.
a. Motif work or justify
Moral certainty is known as the uniform or announce some of the moral law. History is largely a problem of confidence in the other testimony, and as testimony is an issue that is conditioned by its very basic moral laws, for most of the certainty of history is the history that exists. Certainty can be achieved in the history of frequent outcome of a series of possibilities that centralized, that gives the highest possibility that rare indistinguishable from certainty, and so the logicians often call it "moral certainty". Moral certainty as it applies in history, perhaps best defined as "an assurance that exclude all reasonable doubt,"
b. Certainty is the command history when the basic physical or motif is a uniform operation of known physical laws. Physical laws and conditions of the game which is an important part in the assessment of critical evidence. For example, we know that the time spent in one trip should be conditioned by the distance to be covered and transportation equipment are available.
c. Metaphysical certainty discover the basics of an absolute principle in its applications, do not admit exceptions. That sort of thing is the principle of contradiction / opposition ("the one thing that can not exist and no at the same time") and sufficient reason ("no one is without a sufficient reason," a principle of different causes). The possibility of metaphysical certainty in history it is reductive in character, for instance: "A historical facts which are stated without evidence reported by several independent witnesses. But their consent may not be explained except by the objective truth of the facts that are reported (the principle of sufficient reason). Consequently the fact A is said it must be metaphysical. ".
The facts are impossible to build (in history) is especially cover a wide space or time (sometimes referred to as general facts), customs, doctrine, istitusi, big event, the fact it is easier to observe than others and is now much easier to prove. In the case of ancient and medieval times, pemgetahuan history is limited to the facts common to the scarcity of documents. Basics of certainty is the experience of one's personal history, or the testimony of another person. Private practice, where experience exists, can be hung as a source of specific knowledge.
Sumber :
Garaghan, Gilbert. 1957. A Guide to Historical Method. New York: Fordham U.P.
Kartodirdjo, Sartono. 1992. Pendekatan Ilmu Sosial Dalam Metodologi Sejarah. Jakarta : Gramedia Pustaka Utama
U.P.Hugiono. 1992. Pengantar Ilmu Sejarah. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta
Interpretation
In the writing of history there are three basic forms of technical writing that description, narration, and analysis. When historians write - actually a desire to explain (explanation) of history - there are two main impulse that moved him re-create (re-create) and interpret (interpret). The first impulse demanded description and narration, while the second drive demand analysis. Historians oriented historical sources only, will use the narrative portion of the description and more, while the problem-oriented historians, in addition to using description and narration, will give more priority to the analysis. But whatever way is used, it will lead to the synthesis.
When the historians write, consciously or not, recognized or not, stated explicitly or implicitly, they hold on to any one or combination of several specific philosophy of history which became the basis penafisirannya. For historians who are reluctant to use the term philosophy of history. It might be called "acua work" (frame of reference), "attention" (Interest), or "pressure" (emphasis). The philosophy of history aims to give the meaning or significance to the whole history of human activity, the pattern of uniformity (uniformity) and diversity (variety) of the motions of human activities in the past. Thus the philosophy of history is:
1. A guide (guide) for a valid interpretation of historical material;
2. An understanding of the causes and significance (significance) of the events and institutions recorded in historical materials.
As for who can be considered as factors, forces and equipment and is fundamental in human history:
1. Human
History is the study of human activities which is the manifestation of thoughts, feelings, and actions in the past. Thus the human factor and the main stakeholders.
2. Geography
Earth represents the physical world in which human life and history of the place; earth or the world is often likened to a stage of human history and as the holder of the main roles.
3. Culture
Cultural environment in which humans live in it. Human beings generally require the needs of primary and secondary in order to survive and improve their standard of living.
4. Supernatural or Merafisik
Because humans are creatures of God, the origins and purpose of life is determined by him, so for people who believe, God has an interest in this world, in humans and their activities.
Forms deterministrik interpretation is:
1. Historians of the type of social Darwinism mean to shrink into a history of physical science by choosing something physical in human beings (ethnological, descent, race) as the controlling factor in the history of communities and nations.
2. Geographical Interpretation
These historians also see the group in terms of physical as makers of history and thus belittles the role of humans. They are looking for history key in the physical environment outside of humans, such as geographical factors: climate, soil.
3. Economic Interpretation
Another philosophy of history is also deterministic mode of production (made of production) in the economic life of a nation determines the general character of the nation's history such as patterns of political, social, religious, cultural.
4. The interpretation of "Big Man"
Historians of the Romantic as two British historian Thomas Carlyle and James A. Froude argued that the main causal factors in the development of historical figures is a great man.
5. Spiritula or idealistic interpretation
This interpretation is closely related to the role of the soul, the idea of man in historical development.
6. Interpretation of Science and Technology
This interpretation is trying to see that human progress has a direct relationship with the natural sciences and technology advancement.
7. Sociological Interpretation
This interpretation is trying to look at the origin, structure and activities of human society preformance its interaction with its physical environment, society and physical environment jointly developed in a process of evolution.
8. Interpretation Synthesis
This interpretation is trying to combine all the factors or which become the driving force of history.
When the historians write, consciously or not, recognized or not, stated explicitly or implicitly, they hold on to any one or combination of several specific philosophy of history which became the basis penafisirannya. For historians who are reluctant to use the term philosophy of history. It might be called "acua work" (frame of reference), "attention" (Interest), or "pressure" (emphasis). The philosophy of history aims to give the meaning or significance to the whole history of human activity, the pattern of uniformity (uniformity) and diversity (variety) of the motions of human activities in the past. Thus the philosophy of history is:
1. A guide (guide) for a valid interpretation of historical material;
2. An understanding of the causes and significance (significance) of the events and institutions recorded in historical materials.
As for who can be considered as factors, forces and equipment and is fundamental in human history:
1. Human
History is the study of human activities which is the manifestation of thoughts, feelings, and actions in the past. Thus the human factor and the main stakeholders.
2. Geography
Earth represents the physical world in which human life and history of the place; earth or the world is often likened to a stage of human history and as the holder of the main roles.
3. Culture
Cultural environment in which humans live in it. Human beings generally require the needs of primary and secondary in order to survive and improve their standard of living.
4. Supernatural or Merafisik
Because humans are creatures of God, the origins and purpose of life is determined by him, so for people who believe, God has an interest in this world, in humans and their activities.
Forms deterministrik interpretation is:
1. Historians of the type of social Darwinism mean to shrink into a history of physical science by choosing something physical in human beings (ethnological, descent, race) as the controlling factor in the history of communities and nations.
2. Geographical Interpretation
These historians also see the group in terms of physical as makers of history and thus belittles the role of humans. They are looking for history key in the physical environment outside of humans, such as geographical factors: climate, soil.
3. Economic Interpretation
Another philosophy of history is also deterministic mode of production (made of production) in the economic life of a nation determines the general character of the nation's history such as patterns of political, social, religious, cultural.
4. The interpretation of "Big Man"
Historians of the Romantic as two British historian Thomas Carlyle and James A. Froude argued that the main causal factors in the development of historical figures is a great man.
5. Spiritula or idealistic interpretation
This interpretation is closely related to the role of the soul, the idea of man in historical development.
6. Interpretation of Science and Technology
This interpretation is trying to see that human progress has a direct relationship with the natural sciences and technology advancement.
7. Sociological Interpretation
This interpretation is trying to look at the origin, structure and activities of human society preformance its interaction with its physical environment, society and physical environment jointly developed in a process of evolution.
8. Interpretation Synthesis
This interpretation is trying to combine all the factors or which become the driving force of history.
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