A. The causes of formation of the Constitutional Monarchy in Thailand
During the leadership of King Vajiravudh in 1910 experienced turmoil during kepemimipinannya. King Vajiravudh adalahpengganti from King Chulanglongkor. In his leadership of King Vajiravudh made a big mistake not to continue the modernization efforts that have been pioneered by his father. In taking the decision of King Vajiravudh not ask the advice of his family members are important, as was done by his father. He also raised the people who liked to sit in key positions, giving rise to jealousy. He has a goal to revive the absolutism that is already reduced in the leadership of King Mongkut. In 1921 he commanded and imposed compulsory education at primary school level. He also founded and established Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok Vajiravudh school students consisted of young boys who diasramakan. In the socio-economic field of King Vajiravudh in 1916 he ordered his people to use his family name, then told the woman also told to use the model european hair and skirt as a model dressing native Thailand.
During the reign of King Vajiravudh perform contradictory actions in which he allowed the ongoing practice of budget waste of funds, corruption, business royal absolutism, and the suppression of the advisory board. In 1925 King Vajiravudh dies and is succeeded by his younger brother Prince Prajadhipok. Prajadhipokmengambil policies for reduction of employees who initially 3000 to 300 people. In addition, military personnel and also burdened with the pay cuts. Kebijaikan was coupled with some increase in excise as a result of trade agreements and the prosperity of foreign trade, allowing offset budged and also raise taxes. He re-established Advisory Board consisting of five important prince as a advisory body and he founded the cabinet of ministers. In 1927 he formed a committee comprising 40 people to report to him any problems posed.
Policies that have been taken to bring results. The amount of revenue derived from customs sector makes pemasukannegara grow and make the state treasurer is able to balance the budget without the need for debt relief from other States or abroad. But the one sisitindakan Prajadhipok with development policy reduction of employees' salaries and a massive upset and feel devastated, especially since the enactment of the young officer's discretion. In the field of trade still largely held by foreigners, especially Chinese. Thus the economic situation remains critical and the number of unemployed has increased.
B. Reform of 1932 in Thailand
In October 1931 a debate between the highest council in Thailand, the debate involving the Minister of War, Prince Bavaradev, and trade minister and Prince Purachatra. The debate about economic issues. And it resulted piolitik domestic crisis that reduces the confidence of the people against the king or the government.
The entry of science western governments, especially about new ideas that have been wafted by the young Thai is a factor that accelerates the emergence of the revolution. Thai people from both groups of intellectuals and military officers that were revolutionary and western-educated aspiring to abolish the absolute monarchy into constitutional monarchy.
Intellectual faction led by Pridi Banomnyong. While the military group led by Phibun Songgram. Both these men who later took part in achieving democratization in Thailand. Thus then arise a new elite that demands change and greater political power established itself as an opposition against the monarchy absolute. Dissatisfaction among western-educated revolutionaries, elite bureaucracy in government and leadership of armed forces of the younger rising. So, with military support Pridi meolancarkan bloodless revolution on June 24, 1932.
Revolution in 1932 took place with the lancer and succeeded in forcing the king accepted the constitution proposed by the People's Party (party Pridi Banomyong and his friends). The contents of the constitution in question is to eliminate the rights pregorative King, except the right to give forgiveness. Besides, it is determined that full sovereignty is in the hands of the people, the government arranged with the institutions of state which includes King, cabinet and parliament. Besides the main content of the constitution of 1932 is as follows
1. King has the right to appoint half the members of parliament, amounting to 156 people and the other half elected by the people.
2. Cabinet headed by a prime minister chosen by parliament and responsible to him, later on officially adopted by the king.
3. King entitled to dissolve parliament and for that he must carry out the election, no later than three months afterwards.
4. King may veto parliamentary decisions and the right to declare state of emergency.
As a result of the 1932 revolution, the power is removed and shaped the Constitution and parliament. The revolution launched by the revolutionary group in Thailand was indeed to subvert the power of absolute monarchy. Phyamanomakon become prime minister. In his reign Pridi banomyong proposed economic plan contains about the nationalization of all land, then Prime Minister Manomakon as communists and discard Pridi abroad. Prime Minister Manomakon also cleans the armed forces of the radical elements. And suddenly a coup in 1933 conducted by PhyaBahol and managed to subvert Manomakon Phya. After Phahon become leaders between the years 1933-1938 he was considered undemocratic and assessed a new authoritarian powers.
In 1938 the cabinet fell and was replaced Phibun Songhram. During pemerintahanPhibun Songhram and Pridi as finance minister, the actions of government are more nationalist, like the successful opening of employment opportunities, memberbaiki government. After World War II Phibun be moderate and anti-communist law in 1974 he was waived. With the way that Thailand received support from the Soviet Union and became a UN member in 1948. After a clash with big countries and the United Nations then the ideals become a democratic state come true.
(Taken from my website and translated using google translate) http://fauzihistory.blogspot.com/2009/03/revolusi-thailand-1932.html
Tampilkan postingan dengan label asia history. Tampilkan semua postingan
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Jumat, 11 Februari 2011
Cory appearance As President of the Philippines
Since the original constitution of 1973 was filled with controversy, namely since the creation of the Constitutional Assembly from 1971 to 1972. ratification of a new constitution which allegedly took place in a way that the Constitution melaggar caused opposition among many who assess the power tidah Marcoz is legitimate. 1973 Constitution also assessed keotoriteran ratify the constitutional aspects of the most unbiased accepted.
On April 23, 1986, Aquino issued Corazo Makhlumat No. 9 of 1986 which regulates the appointment and terms - the operational aspects of a body charged with drafting a new constitution. During that interim government affairs handled by the State Constitution cornerstone of liberation, even though one party gives a full and absolute authority to the president, but on the other hand maintaining Bill Of Rights contained in the constitution of 1973, as an obstacle to the implementation of security and power in a dictatorial and repressive as well as source of authority of the people to demand accountability. One of the priority of constitutional reform is the introduction of a stable turnover mechanism, detailed and reliable so as not to provide an opportunity for doubt - doubt. [1]
Renewal of the constitution should also be directed at the need for a balance between authority and responsibility in the post-Marcos. The first stage is to reduce kesumurangan position of president. That means more than just disarm the power of the President to issue decrees. Realignment of power among the branches - the branches of government in the Philippines seems likely also will give greater priority to the recovery position independent of the judiciary. An independent judiciary is also required for it is possible to determine the condition of how the authority can legitimately be applied according to the constitution which was also in the future.
A clearer separation between the executive and legislature in the government would also end the uncertainty bias system of government in the Philippines, which has a mix of systems and perlementer presindential. President Aquino and Vice President Laurel begin term of office in February 1986 with a commitment to restore the system of checks and balances created by the separation - pisahkannya position of power.
The revival of political parties in 1978 after sinking almost six years, allowing groups - opposition groups in the Philippines to have an influence on political life. Party - a moderate opposition parties joined in a united front to participate in elections in February 1986, but even then with difficulty. Finally create a working spouse sam Corazo Aquino - Laurel, although the bias was only achieved after Cardinal Sin personally intervene. Aquino Corazo typically has taken the position that includes the attitudes of most of his advisers. He said that national reconciliation is a priority for him the most important. He also said he would deal with the energies - economic, social, and politics that has led to young people taking up arms against the Marcos Philippines.
Achieving a dramatic Corazo Aquino presidency to the stairs at the end of February 1986 does not guarantee the return of peace and prosperity for the State of the Philippines, but this has marked the beginning of a fresh observation for various conditions. Task or job reordering is very heavy. Various government agencies have been systematically misused by the Marcos regime that they all depend on Marcos, which overall seems like not having the right power. The national economy has been weakened by the incorrect allocation of resources - the source for many - years, has been in a state of severe depression, widespread unemployment and income - average has dropped back into a position that occurred in previous decades. [2]
The mass media are important for the mobilization of people power. At the beginning of the Aquino administration, also devoted much attention to the role of the corps of lawyers in the political system has undergone reorganization. However, not all lawyers discouraged. At least some of them never give up in order to defend political prisoners. While others devoted themselves to the effort to defend the rights - rights groups can not afford. People - people like that are rare. But they had a role to fellow citizens of the Philippines shows that the profession so lawyers do not fall so it can not be saved again. The position of the Aquino government created thanks to the various developments. But there are two elements that most define the personal Corazo Aquino and the support of the people against him. It is very important is that Corazo Aquino need to develop a way - a way to continue communication with a base of supporters. In addition to the vast popular support, President Aquino also has other capital, ie own personality.
Corazo Aquino presidency has been initiated by applying barbagai specific steps or actions to overcome the problem - the problem. He announced a revolutionary government, dissolve the Constitution-making body - which is dominated Marcos Act, replacing the people who raised large amounts of Marcos in the post - the post or office of the executive and the judiciary and establish a commission or committee compiler Constitution - Basic Law or constitution which provide or ensure comprehensive persetujusn in a national referendum. [3]
Fixed persistence of Corazo Aquino as president of the supreme importance of this mean to carp a democratic future. It's not just because of its commitment to the restoration of democratic life in the way of peace, but also by considering the high level of credibility it has, and the amount of public confidence in him.
[1]Bresnan, John.1988. Krisi Filipina.Jakarta : Gramedia, hlm.237
[2] Bresnan, John.1988. Krisi Filipina.Jakarta : Gramedia, hlm.338
[3] Bresnan, John.1988. Krisi Filipina.Jakarta : Gramedia, hlm.338
(Taken from my website and translated using google translate) http://fauzihistory.blogspot.com/2009/03/tampilnya-cory-sebagai-presiden.html
On April 23, 1986, Aquino issued Corazo Makhlumat No. 9 of 1986 which regulates the appointment and terms - the operational aspects of a body charged with drafting a new constitution. During that interim government affairs handled by the State Constitution cornerstone of liberation, even though one party gives a full and absolute authority to the president, but on the other hand maintaining Bill Of Rights contained in the constitution of 1973, as an obstacle to the implementation of security and power in a dictatorial and repressive as well as source of authority of the people to demand accountability. One of the priority of constitutional reform is the introduction of a stable turnover mechanism, detailed and reliable so as not to provide an opportunity for doubt - doubt. [1]
Renewal of the constitution should also be directed at the need for a balance between authority and responsibility in the post-Marcos. The first stage is to reduce kesumurangan position of president. That means more than just disarm the power of the President to issue decrees. Realignment of power among the branches - the branches of government in the Philippines seems likely also will give greater priority to the recovery position independent of the judiciary. An independent judiciary is also required for it is possible to determine the condition of how the authority can legitimately be applied according to the constitution which was also in the future.
A clearer separation between the executive and legislature in the government would also end the uncertainty bias system of government in the Philippines, which has a mix of systems and perlementer presindential. President Aquino and Vice President Laurel begin term of office in February 1986 with a commitment to restore the system of checks and balances created by the separation - pisahkannya position of power.
The revival of political parties in 1978 after sinking almost six years, allowing groups - opposition groups in the Philippines to have an influence on political life. Party - a moderate opposition parties joined in a united front to participate in elections in February 1986, but even then with difficulty. Finally create a working spouse sam Corazo Aquino - Laurel, although the bias was only achieved after Cardinal Sin personally intervene. Aquino Corazo typically has taken the position that includes the attitudes of most of his advisers. He said that national reconciliation is a priority for him the most important. He also said he would deal with the energies - economic, social, and politics that has led to young people taking up arms against the Marcos Philippines.
Achieving a dramatic Corazo Aquino presidency to the stairs at the end of February 1986 does not guarantee the return of peace and prosperity for the State of the Philippines, but this has marked the beginning of a fresh observation for various conditions. Task or job reordering is very heavy. Various government agencies have been systematically misused by the Marcos regime that they all depend on Marcos, which overall seems like not having the right power. The national economy has been weakened by the incorrect allocation of resources - the source for many - years, has been in a state of severe depression, widespread unemployment and income - average has dropped back into a position that occurred in previous decades. [2]
The mass media are important for the mobilization of people power. At the beginning of the Aquino administration, also devoted much attention to the role of the corps of lawyers in the political system has undergone reorganization. However, not all lawyers discouraged. At least some of them never give up in order to defend political prisoners. While others devoted themselves to the effort to defend the rights - rights groups can not afford. People - people like that are rare. But they had a role to fellow citizens of the Philippines shows that the profession so lawyers do not fall so it can not be saved again. The position of the Aquino government created thanks to the various developments. But there are two elements that most define the personal Corazo Aquino and the support of the people against him. It is very important is that Corazo Aquino need to develop a way - a way to continue communication with a base of supporters. In addition to the vast popular support, President Aquino also has other capital, ie own personality.
Corazo Aquino presidency has been initiated by applying barbagai specific steps or actions to overcome the problem - the problem. He announced a revolutionary government, dissolve the Constitution-making body - which is dominated Marcos Act, replacing the people who raised large amounts of Marcos in the post - the post or office of the executive and the judiciary and establish a commission or committee compiler Constitution - Basic Law or constitution which provide or ensure comprehensive persetujusn in a national referendum. [3]
Fixed persistence of Corazo Aquino as president of the supreme importance of this mean to carp a democratic future. It's not just because of its commitment to the restoration of democratic life in the way of peace, but also by considering the high level of credibility it has, and the amount of public confidence in him.
[1]Bresnan, John.1988. Krisi Filipina.Jakarta : Gramedia, hlm.237
[2] Bresnan, John.1988. Krisi Filipina.Jakarta : Gramedia, hlm.338
[3] Bresnan, John.1988. Krisi Filipina.Jakarta : Gramedia, hlm.338
(Taken from my website and translated using google translate) http://fauzihistory.blogspot.com/2009/03/tampilnya-cory-sebagai-presiden.html
Kingdom Angkor
BEGINNING OF THE ANGKOR KINGDOM
A. Origin ANGKOR KINGDOM
Since there is no written legacy, it is predicted Angkor Khmer born from within its own environment, not because of Tchen-la occupied militarily. From sudutsejarah, Angkor founding factors known to have come from outside the influence of the archipelago.
1. Sriwijaya and Sailendra Dynasty
By Sriwijaya has trade hegemony as Fu-nan and can replace it and thanks to it, can master the seas south, perhaps because it is Tchen-la forced to leave power over the sea. Starting the second quarter century AD-8 power switch to Central Java where developing a strong dynasty dynasty.
Kings Sailendra considers himself a direct descendant of the kings of Fu-nan, who took refuge in Java after their country was conquered by Tchen-la. They earned the nickname "King of the Mountain" and use the title Maharaja, because it considers itself as a world conqueror. They dropped one of the last king of the kingdom Tchen-la that was fading. In the city that they have some sort of power, as recognized by the people themselves at the time of establishment of Khmer Angkor.
2. Civilization Expansion Java
Sailendra times brilliant Buddhist art, it reflects the development of Mahayana Buddhism which began in the Pala dynasty in India, and spread by people of Java and Sumatra. Art that appeared in the Malay Peninsula in the form of a statue of Srivijaya style. By the mid-8th century AD, there are two remarkable torso Awalokiteswara good as that found in Chaiya. These works, though showing the influence of Javanese art, art shows also the influence of a clear head at all. Most likely these statues are known by the artists of the first Angkor. Rite Sailendra royal and traditional Hindu elements hidden in East Java, the title "King of the Mountain", worship the kings who have died and the worship of the phallus as a symbol of power, all it is one of the origins of the institutions of the kingdom of Angkor .
B. KING OF THE BEGINNING OF THE KINGDOM OF ANGKOR
1. JAYAVARMAN II
The effect is directly experienced by Jayavarman II, who had lived in Java. King's has a somewhat distant family ties with Cambodia dynasties earlier. He lived in the palace Sailendra dynasty, he returned to Cambodia by the year 790 AD
The new king began to unite the Tchen-la fragmented. Stages of conquest took the form of capital which he founded: the early Indrapura, on the east side and headed for Kompong Cham provinces north of the lake-funds, which will become the center of power. In the year 802 AD, he built Mahendraparvata, in Phnom Ku-len, about 30 km to the sea timir Angkor.
The place was chosen with special consideration. Basically the area unsuitable for habitation, and will quickly be abandoned, it is symbolic for he became "King of the Mountain" and the universal ruler, Jayawarman II has chosen just a mountain like Mount Meru, where dwell the gods around Indra, the king them. In particular, he brings a Brahmin priest to read the sacred texts and build phallus god glory. The phallus, is a source of power and soul of the king's residence, later became the symbol of the Khmer Empire. With these actions make kambuja no longer depend on Java and lived only a universal ruler. After that Jayavarman II remains in Roluos and died there in 850 AD replace his son Jayavarman III and settled there until the year 877 AD
It turns out that Jayavarman II was the founder of Angkor's power, and not only in terms of politics alone, but also in terms of Religious. Jayavarman II government reinforced by the government of his son, has changed the course of evolution altogether Khmer Empire. The country was again united under a single authority, that is strong, and unmatched.
2. INDRAVARMAN
Substitute the two founders of Angkor Indravarman (877-889 AD) contributed to fostering a solid foundation for Ankor power, both in politics and social and economic. Recognized authority to Cochin-China, to the U-Bon in the Siamese, maybe even into Champa. As a strong adherent of the teachings of Shiva, he is trying to develop the cult of the king who had died, which started by Jayawarman II, which may be above the influence of Java.
3. YASOVARMAN
Yasovarman, Indravarman son replace him in 889M. From his mother, he is a descendant of the royal family of Fu-nan which old Palin. His teacher a Brahmin, a member of the family priest who was assigned to take care of Jayavarman II, the royal phallus worship. As the son Indravarman, and universal heir of the kings of Fu-nan, and followers of the ideas of Jayavarman II, in his collected all the advantages that have led to the birth of Angkor.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE KINGDOM OF ANGKOR
A. KHMER hegemony
1. KOH Ker
Harshavarman I, Yasovarman siblings, substituting in the year 900 AD and ruled until around the year 921 AD Since the year 921 AD, Jayavarman IV uncle, rebelled and built a new capital at Koh Ker Chok Gargyar now about 70 sea miles east of Angkor.
Like his predecessors, Jayavarman IV was an admirer of Shiva. In the capital city which he built a new sacred phallus, a repetition of the action Jayavarman II who built Angkor, perhaps with the same goal which is celebrating its success seize kekeuasaan. He died in 941 AD and his son still reigned in the Koh Ker know till 941 AD
2. BACK TO ANGKOR
Rajendravarman (944-968 AD), the nephew of the usurper and also Yasovarman, back to the city as soon as he ascended the throne. Return it is more meaningful because the new king, according to matrilineal descent, is at the center of the former ruling prince Tchen-la's. With the choice that marked the breakup with soil origin and displacement of people kambuja permanently into lowland Khmer people and the ruler over the whole of southern Indochina. To atone for his departure, according to the tradition of Indravarman era, when just arrived back at Angkor, the temple dedicated rajendravarman Mebon (years 974-952 AD) to the ancestors of the royal family.
In politics, rajendravarman kekeuasaannya expand into Champa and served until the year 945-956 AD, his troops ransacked the Po Nagar in Nha-light. His son Jayavarman V replaced in the year 968 AD and ruled till 1001 AD He continued his father's politics, especially strengthening the Khmer rule over the territory of Champa.
3. SURYA DYNASTY (oversized solar)
The years pertamaabad to-11 AD, a new dynasty took power. Suryavarman I, descendant of "The Solar" from kambuja, apparently conquered Angkor kekuasaanyang usurper by force of arms. After defeating the two successor Jayavarman V's reign was not long, he settled in the capital by the year 1011 AD
Suryavarman I have Khmer properties similar to their predecessors. The only significant change in his administration is opening the door as wide of Buddhist religion. The king's personal religious cult of Shiva and continue the already applied king of kings his predecessors. Suryavarman I reigned until 1050 AD For the Khmer empire he had annexed the whole of southern Siam, from Lopburu samapi Ligor, and probably most of southern Laos, probably extends to Luang Prabang.
His son, Udayadityavarman II, to replace them and live up to in 1066 AD Although his reign was short, and always dirusuhkan by rebels in all provinces vast empire, he still had time to expand his power and may have peak power at the highest ever achieved by a Khmer king.
Udayadityavarman II adlah religious believers to practice their religion secaraa Siwayang tight, although he was inclined to worship wisnu. Even during his reign marked a kind of anti-Buddhist reaction, but does not eliminate the persistent belief berkembeng in Cambodia since the 11th century AD
Her youngest sister in 1066 to replace the AD and ruled under the name Harshavarman II, samapai by the year 1080 AD He was forced to deal with those attacks have been memerdekan Chamyang ourselves and even managed to burn the ancient town of Sambor unhampered IBI Kuk, after collecting a lucrative booty. Under his rule, the rule of Surya dynasty rapidly declined. After memeribntah for less than a century, the dynasty must be surrendered to a new dynasty.
B. SHADOW OF ANGKOR Indochina
1. Champa
Towards the end of the 9th century AD, a new dynasty to rule in Champa, with its capital Indrapura, which is now named Quang-Nam. Its founder is Indravarman II (875-before the year 898 AD), a devout Buddhists. Under his rule and his successors, after a war during the previous century, established peaceful relations with the archipelago.
King Indravarman III (by the year 918-960 AD) was forced mengusirserangan Khmer-attack and maybe how to confront it, he is very keen to send utuysan-envoy to China. But Angkor is quite dominant influence under his rule. Meanwhile, a far greater danger began to press Campa. After becoming independent, Annam took over the expansion of political and glanced at the fertile lowlands and the cities are prosperous Champa. Since the end of the 10th century AD began the war between the fatal and difficult to reconcile these two forces, because the terms of the country's survival is at stake. In the year 982 AD the Vietnamese seized Indrapura.
Cham people are scattered, regrouped under a new seorangraja, Harivarman II (988-998 AD), which puts more capital to the south, in Vijaya (Binh-Dinh). Vietnam pressures will never slack again, the opposite occurs nearly every year-invasion assault, till the Vijaya who were taken away in the year 1044 AD and destroyed in the year 1069 AD thus the country of Champa lost territory to the north, because at the same time he must face new attacks Khmer people.
Harivarman IV (1070-1080 AD) untuyk temporary halt evacuations unremitting, he also succeeded in a lightning attack into Cambodia. He restore peace and glory to his country. Substitute-pengantinya: Jaya Indravarman II (1081-1113 AD), Harivarman V (1113-1139 AD), and Jaya Indravarman III (1139-1145 AD), may be regarded as secure and govern in a state of calm, before the dynasty and the country fell on year 1145 AD into the hands of Khmer troops.
2. SIAM
At the beginning of the 11th century AD, delta conjoined becoming an integral part of the world Angkor, Angkor can be seen from the greatest king Suryavarman I, the original Prince Ligor. Although influenced Khmer Empire, the former did not leave the country Dvaravati Buddhism, he even menjadipusat Hinayana Buddhism the most orthodox. In the same period, the Mon and Pyu of the Irrawaddy delta, united by the king Anorata (1044-1077 AD), the king is what makes their country so pemeluik Buddhism. With reinforced by Burmese who also has embraced it and through the country by continuing contacts with Sri Lanka, the doctrine is slowly spreading to the east. With the conquest, the kings of Angkor are berajaran Shiva integrate into the country's religious center that undermine their power, although not as direct causes.
3. VIETNAM
Served until the 10th century AD, the delta of Tonkin tal more than a colony of China. During the colonial period that lasted more than a thousand years, the Vietnamese colonialist culture to absorb, so it will be lasting forever.
By leveraging the power slump overlord overlord-Tang dynasty, a local dynasty seized power in 938 AD Of course Annam continued to recognize the authority that only the name alone of the Chinese Emperor, asking for support if necessary and continue using Chinese characters, as well as law and culture. When the Vietnamese people began to feel tightness in their delta, because it is only capable of working on the lowlands, only the targeted land is located to the south of Campa.
Le Vietnamese dynasties beginning (years 980-1009 AD), and Ly (1010-1225 AD), little by little to expand their power, to destroy altogether Campa. But the expansion of power throughout southern pesisr done with violence only produces a population growth rather than kejayaaan a civilization. The Vietnamese got the victory because of their numbers. Although they still use bagab Chinese administration, but quite loose, Vietnam became a unified nation thanks to its geography than that unites mind. This nation is composed of identical basic elements that bertdsampingan but relatifberdiri own, as each tried to survive on its own.
C. Heyday ANGKOR KINGDOM
Destruction of Angkor by the Cham is the fatal blow to the Hindu tradition, which until then had been enrich Khmer civilization. The event is actually possible to also mark the end of Cambodia itself. Along with that civilization developed and to reach crystallization in Angkor stalemate. He was no longer able to renew itself, developed as much as possible is just the themes that's all.
This is reinforced by the rapid advancement of Buddhism throughout the 12th century AD, based upon the number of statues of the Wise multiply. The fact that is more meaningful: a king of Angkor, Dharanindravarman II, officially embraced Buddhism. After that victory Cham regarded as supra-natural disaster, the signal from the sky: the end of an institution so digembor-heralded, because as if created by the gods themselves and unshakable.
1. JAYAVARMAN VII
This is the figure who suspended the fate of a fatal blow by placing his country under the banner of Buddhism. He was a figure who memepesonakan, and the most prominent in the history of Khmer. Jayavarman VII was king of the most arrogant and hungry for victory among all the Khmer kings who ditonjolkannya are actions.
He ascended the throne in indirect replace his father, this is when his father died, he was berperangdi Champa and did not get to sue haknya.dia not do anything when Yasovarman II ascended the throne even when Angkor was taken by Tribhuvanadityavarman. He has spent all alone in that period with Preah Khan, Kompong Svay.
After suffering from leprosy, and healed thanks to miracles. He then returned to the stage of political and religious. When the Cham invasion which made him act. After a series of devastating wars, including battles in the lakes, he expelled the destroyer of Angkor, and in 1811 AD he took the throne. In the age of more than sixty years old and burnt the capital, he took revenge by the gruesome way. He invaded Champa, Vijaya annex. Previously he had been guaranteed Annam be neutral. But once she succeeded, pasukannyaditamabh with troops of Champa, Siam, Burma, invaded Annam. In the north west it is more forward again limit his kingdom down to Vientiane, to Burma, south to the Malay Peninsula.
But behind kesuksessannya in beragamanya aspect, that his activity was almost delirious, and he was an adherent of Mahayana Buddhism. Under the banner of a rather conventional Buddhist Jayavarman did not leave the cult of the king, the god of the earth. Apparently he did not change the underlying ritual Hindu kingdom of Angkor.
D. Setbacks AND END OF THE KINGDOM OF ANGKOR
After Jayavarman VII, the king of Angkor no longer noteworthy. Capital city is still there and his appearance has not changed. Chinese texts, Tcheu Takuan, the famous traveler who visited Cambodia in 1295 AD was described as the city's wealthiest, most powerful king in southern seas. Until 1430, the Khmer kings still reign at Angkor.
Other causes in the economic field this kingdom was in danger. Angkor's hydraulic system owned maintenance and development needs are not met for the mud and traffic jams. With the weakening of royal power, the more toward economic collapse because only the king who is able mengelolo this giant network. Inevitably agriculture at Angkor semakinmenurun and result in a decrease in the population. In addition, malaria epidemics follow exacerbating the fall of Angkor.
Loss of Angkor accelerated by the Thai invasion bertubui insistently and destructive. After the cities of Angkor can be captured by their enemies and then the stolen wealth and burned. So people leave Angkor Cambodia.
(Taken from my website and translated using google translate) http://fauzihistory.blogspot.com/2009/03/kerajaan-angkor.html
A. Origin ANGKOR KINGDOM
Since there is no written legacy, it is predicted Angkor Khmer born from within its own environment, not because of Tchen-la occupied militarily. From sudutsejarah, Angkor founding factors known to have come from outside the influence of the archipelago.
1. Sriwijaya and Sailendra Dynasty
By Sriwijaya has trade hegemony as Fu-nan and can replace it and thanks to it, can master the seas south, perhaps because it is Tchen-la forced to leave power over the sea. Starting the second quarter century AD-8 power switch to Central Java where developing a strong dynasty dynasty.
Kings Sailendra considers himself a direct descendant of the kings of Fu-nan, who took refuge in Java after their country was conquered by Tchen-la. They earned the nickname "King of the Mountain" and use the title Maharaja, because it considers itself as a world conqueror. They dropped one of the last king of the kingdom Tchen-la that was fading. In the city that they have some sort of power, as recognized by the people themselves at the time of establishment of Khmer Angkor.
2. Civilization Expansion Java
Sailendra times brilliant Buddhist art, it reflects the development of Mahayana Buddhism which began in the Pala dynasty in India, and spread by people of Java and Sumatra. Art that appeared in the Malay Peninsula in the form of a statue of Srivijaya style. By the mid-8th century AD, there are two remarkable torso Awalokiteswara good as that found in Chaiya. These works, though showing the influence of Javanese art, art shows also the influence of a clear head at all. Most likely these statues are known by the artists of the first Angkor. Rite Sailendra royal and traditional Hindu elements hidden in East Java, the title "King of the Mountain", worship the kings who have died and the worship of the phallus as a symbol of power, all it is one of the origins of the institutions of the kingdom of Angkor .
B. KING OF THE BEGINNING OF THE KINGDOM OF ANGKOR
1. JAYAVARMAN II
The effect is directly experienced by Jayavarman II, who had lived in Java. King's has a somewhat distant family ties with Cambodia dynasties earlier. He lived in the palace Sailendra dynasty, he returned to Cambodia by the year 790 AD
The new king began to unite the Tchen-la fragmented. Stages of conquest took the form of capital which he founded: the early Indrapura, on the east side and headed for Kompong Cham provinces north of the lake-funds, which will become the center of power. In the year 802 AD, he built Mahendraparvata, in Phnom Ku-len, about 30 km to the sea timir Angkor.
The place was chosen with special consideration. Basically the area unsuitable for habitation, and will quickly be abandoned, it is symbolic for he became "King of the Mountain" and the universal ruler, Jayawarman II has chosen just a mountain like Mount Meru, where dwell the gods around Indra, the king them. In particular, he brings a Brahmin priest to read the sacred texts and build phallus god glory. The phallus, is a source of power and soul of the king's residence, later became the symbol of the Khmer Empire. With these actions make kambuja no longer depend on Java and lived only a universal ruler. After that Jayavarman II remains in Roluos and died there in 850 AD replace his son Jayavarman III and settled there until the year 877 AD
It turns out that Jayavarman II was the founder of Angkor's power, and not only in terms of politics alone, but also in terms of Religious. Jayavarman II government reinforced by the government of his son, has changed the course of evolution altogether Khmer Empire. The country was again united under a single authority, that is strong, and unmatched.
2. INDRAVARMAN
Substitute the two founders of Angkor Indravarman (877-889 AD) contributed to fostering a solid foundation for Ankor power, both in politics and social and economic. Recognized authority to Cochin-China, to the U-Bon in the Siamese, maybe even into Champa. As a strong adherent of the teachings of Shiva, he is trying to develop the cult of the king who had died, which started by Jayawarman II, which may be above the influence of Java.
3. YASOVARMAN
Yasovarman, Indravarman son replace him in 889M. From his mother, he is a descendant of the royal family of Fu-nan which old Palin. His teacher a Brahmin, a member of the family priest who was assigned to take care of Jayavarman II, the royal phallus worship. As the son Indravarman, and universal heir of the kings of Fu-nan, and followers of the ideas of Jayavarman II, in his collected all the advantages that have led to the birth of Angkor.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE KINGDOM OF ANGKOR
A. KHMER hegemony
1. KOH Ker
Harshavarman I, Yasovarman siblings, substituting in the year 900 AD and ruled until around the year 921 AD Since the year 921 AD, Jayavarman IV uncle, rebelled and built a new capital at Koh Ker Chok Gargyar now about 70 sea miles east of Angkor.
Like his predecessors, Jayavarman IV was an admirer of Shiva. In the capital city which he built a new sacred phallus, a repetition of the action Jayavarman II who built Angkor, perhaps with the same goal which is celebrating its success seize kekeuasaan. He died in 941 AD and his son still reigned in the Koh Ker know till 941 AD
2. BACK TO ANGKOR
Rajendravarman (944-968 AD), the nephew of the usurper and also Yasovarman, back to the city as soon as he ascended the throne. Return it is more meaningful because the new king, according to matrilineal descent, is at the center of the former ruling prince Tchen-la's. With the choice that marked the breakup with soil origin and displacement of people kambuja permanently into lowland Khmer people and the ruler over the whole of southern Indochina. To atone for his departure, according to the tradition of Indravarman era, when just arrived back at Angkor, the temple dedicated rajendravarman Mebon (years 974-952 AD) to the ancestors of the royal family.
In politics, rajendravarman kekeuasaannya expand into Champa and served until the year 945-956 AD, his troops ransacked the Po Nagar in Nha-light. His son Jayavarman V replaced in the year 968 AD and ruled till 1001 AD He continued his father's politics, especially strengthening the Khmer rule over the territory of Champa.
3. SURYA DYNASTY (oversized solar)
The years pertamaabad to-11 AD, a new dynasty took power. Suryavarman I, descendant of "The Solar" from kambuja, apparently conquered Angkor kekuasaanyang usurper by force of arms. After defeating the two successor Jayavarman V's reign was not long, he settled in the capital by the year 1011 AD
Suryavarman I have Khmer properties similar to their predecessors. The only significant change in his administration is opening the door as wide of Buddhist religion. The king's personal religious cult of Shiva and continue the already applied king of kings his predecessors. Suryavarman I reigned until 1050 AD For the Khmer empire he had annexed the whole of southern Siam, from Lopburu samapi Ligor, and probably most of southern Laos, probably extends to Luang Prabang.
His son, Udayadityavarman II, to replace them and live up to in 1066 AD Although his reign was short, and always dirusuhkan by rebels in all provinces vast empire, he still had time to expand his power and may have peak power at the highest ever achieved by a Khmer king.
Udayadityavarman II adlah religious believers to practice their religion secaraa Siwayang tight, although he was inclined to worship wisnu. Even during his reign marked a kind of anti-Buddhist reaction, but does not eliminate the persistent belief berkembeng in Cambodia since the 11th century AD
Her youngest sister in 1066 to replace the AD and ruled under the name Harshavarman II, samapai by the year 1080 AD He was forced to deal with those attacks have been memerdekan Chamyang ourselves and even managed to burn the ancient town of Sambor unhampered IBI Kuk, after collecting a lucrative booty. Under his rule, the rule of Surya dynasty rapidly declined. After memeribntah for less than a century, the dynasty must be surrendered to a new dynasty.
B. SHADOW OF ANGKOR Indochina
1. Champa
Towards the end of the 9th century AD, a new dynasty to rule in Champa, with its capital Indrapura, which is now named Quang-Nam. Its founder is Indravarman II (875-before the year 898 AD), a devout Buddhists. Under his rule and his successors, after a war during the previous century, established peaceful relations with the archipelago.
King Indravarman III (by the year 918-960 AD) was forced mengusirserangan Khmer-attack and maybe how to confront it, he is very keen to send utuysan-envoy to China. But Angkor is quite dominant influence under his rule. Meanwhile, a far greater danger began to press Campa. After becoming independent, Annam took over the expansion of political and glanced at the fertile lowlands and the cities are prosperous Champa. Since the end of the 10th century AD began the war between the fatal and difficult to reconcile these two forces, because the terms of the country's survival is at stake. In the year 982 AD the Vietnamese seized Indrapura.
Cham people are scattered, regrouped under a new seorangraja, Harivarman II (988-998 AD), which puts more capital to the south, in Vijaya (Binh-Dinh). Vietnam pressures will never slack again, the opposite occurs nearly every year-invasion assault, till the Vijaya who were taken away in the year 1044 AD and destroyed in the year 1069 AD thus the country of Champa lost territory to the north, because at the same time he must face new attacks Khmer people.
Harivarman IV (1070-1080 AD) untuyk temporary halt evacuations unremitting, he also succeeded in a lightning attack into Cambodia. He restore peace and glory to his country. Substitute-pengantinya: Jaya Indravarman II (1081-1113 AD), Harivarman V (1113-1139 AD), and Jaya Indravarman III (1139-1145 AD), may be regarded as secure and govern in a state of calm, before the dynasty and the country fell on year 1145 AD into the hands of Khmer troops.
2. SIAM
At the beginning of the 11th century AD, delta conjoined becoming an integral part of the world Angkor, Angkor can be seen from the greatest king Suryavarman I, the original Prince Ligor. Although influenced Khmer Empire, the former did not leave the country Dvaravati Buddhism, he even menjadipusat Hinayana Buddhism the most orthodox. In the same period, the Mon and Pyu of the Irrawaddy delta, united by the king Anorata (1044-1077 AD), the king is what makes their country so pemeluik Buddhism. With reinforced by Burmese who also has embraced it and through the country by continuing contacts with Sri Lanka, the doctrine is slowly spreading to the east. With the conquest, the kings of Angkor are berajaran Shiva integrate into the country's religious center that undermine their power, although not as direct causes.
3. VIETNAM
Served until the 10th century AD, the delta of Tonkin tal more than a colony of China. During the colonial period that lasted more than a thousand years, the Vietnamese colonialist culture to absorb, so it will be lasting forever.
By leveraging the power slump overlord overlord-Tang dynasty, a local dynasty seized power in 938 AD Of course Annam continued to recognize the authority that only the name alone of the Chinese Emperor, asking for support if necessary and continue using Chinese characters, as well as law and culture. When the Vietnamese people began to feel tightness in their delta, because it is only capable of working on the lowlands, only the targeted land is located to the south of Campa.
Le Vietnamese dynasties beginning (years 980-1009 AD), and Ly (1010-1225 AD), little by little to expand their power, to destroy altogether Campa. But the expansion of power throughout southern pesisr done with violence only produces a population growth rather than kejayaaan a civilization. The Vietnamese got the victory because of their numbers. Although they still use bagab Chinese administration, but quite loose, Vietnam became a unified nation thanks to its geography than that unites mind. This nation is composed of identical basic elements that bertdsampingan but relatifberdiri own, as each tried to survive on its own.
C. Heyday ANGKOR KINGDOM
Destruction of Angkor by the Cham is the fatal blow to the Hindu tradition, which until then had been enrich Khmer civilization. The event is actually possible to also mark the end of Cambodia itself. Along with that civilization developed and to reach crystallization in Angkor stalemate. He was no longer able to renew itself, developed as much as possible is just the themes that's all.
This is reinforced by the rapid advancement of Buddhism throughout the 12th century AD, based upon the number of statues of the Wise multiply. The fact that is more meaningful: a king of Angkor, Dharanindravarman II, officially embraced Buddhism. After that victory Cham regarded as supra-natural disaster, the signal from the sky: the end of an institution so digembor-heralded, because as if created by the gods themselves and unshakable.
1. JAYAVARMAN VII
This is the figure who suspended the fate of a fatal blow by placing his country under the banner of Buddhism. He was a figure who memepesonakan, and the most prominent in the history of Khmer. Jayavarman VII was king of the most arrogant and hungry for victory among all the Khmer kings who ditonjolkannya are actions.
He ascended the throne in indirect replace his father, this is when his father died, he was berperangdi Champa and did not get to sue haknya.dia not do anything when Yasovarman II ascended the throne even when Angkor was taken by Tribhuvanadityavarman. He has spent all alone in that period with Preah Khan, Kompong Svay.
After suffering from leprosy, and healed thanks to miracles. He then returned to the stage of political and religious. When the Cham invasion which made him act. After a series of devastating wars, including battles in the lakes, he expelled the destroyer of Angkor, and in 1811 AD he took the throne. In the age of more than sixty years old and burnt the capital, he took revenge by the gruesome way. He invaded Champa, Vijaya annex. Previously he had been guaranteed Annam be neutral. But once she succeeded, pasukannyaditamabh with troops of Champa, Siam, Burma, invaded Annam. In the north west it is more forward again limit his kingdom down to Vientiane, to Burma, south to the Malay Peninsula.
But behind kesuksessannya in beragamanya aspect, that his activity was almost delirious, and he was an adherent of Mahayana Buddhism. Under the banner of a rather conventional Buddhist Jayavarman did not leave the cult of the king, the god of the earth. Apparently he did not change the underlying ritual Hindu kingdom of Angkor.
D. Setbacks AND END OF THE KINGDOM OF ANGKOR
After Jayavarman VII, the king of Angkor no longer noteworthy. Capital city is still there and his appearance has not changed. Chinese texts, Tcheu Takuan, the famous traveler who visited Cambodia in 1295 AD was described as the city's wealthiest, most powerful king in southern seas. Until 1430, the Khmer kings still reign at Angkor.
Other causes in the economic field this kingdom was in danger. Angkor's hydraulic system owned maintenance and development needs are not met for the mud and traffic jams. With the weakening of royal power, the more toward economic collapse because only the king who is able mengelolo this giant network. Inevitably agriculture at Angkor semakinmenurun and result in a decrease in the population. In addition, malaria epidemics follow exacerbating the fall of Angkor.
Loss of Angkor accelerated by the Thai invasion bertubui insistently and destructive. After the cities of Angkor can be captured by their enemies and then the stolen wealth and burned. So people leave Angkor Cambodia.
(Taken from my website and translated using google translate) http://fauzihistory.blogspot.com/2009/03/kerajaan-angkor.html
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